1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.2 Bibliometric Analysis 1.3 Concept of Energy Sharing 1.3.1 History and Development 1.3.2 Characteristics 1.3.3 Taxonomy 1.4 Sharing Economy in Wholsesale Markets 1.4.1 Electricity Spot Markets 1.4.2 Multi-area Electricity Markets 1.4.3 Integrated Energy Markets 1.5 Sharing Economy in Retail Markets 1.5.1 Agent-Based Energy Sharing 1.5.2 Peer-To-Peer Energy Sharing 1.5.3 Integration of Distributed Energy Resources into Wholesale Markets 1.6 Enabling Technology and Business Models 1.6.1 Energy-Related Technology 1.6.2 Information-Related Technology 1.7 Conclusions References 2 Mechanism Design for Sharing Economy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Problem Description 2.2.1 Wholesale Market 2.2.2 Retail Market 2.3 Profit Sharing Mechanism 2.3.1 Social Welfare Maximation 2.3.2 Individual Rationality 2.3.3 Incentive Compatibility 2.3.4 Budget Balance 2.4 Profit Sharing Mechanism in Wholesale Markets 2.4.1 Wholesale Market Stage 2.4.2 Sufficient N - 1 Power Generation Capacity 2.4.3 Proof of the Mechanism Property 2.4.4 Insufficient N - 1 Power Generation Capacity 2.4.5 Major Challenges of VCG in Electricity Markets 2.4.6 Case Studies 2.5 Profit Sharing Mechanism in Retail Markets 2.5.1 Retail Market Model 2.5.2 Mechanism Design 2.5.3 Closed Form of Profit Sharing Mechanism 2.5.4 Proof of the Mechanism Property 2.5.5 Case Studies 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Sharing Economy in Electricity Spot Markets 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Electricity Spot Market Model 3.2.1 Mathematical Model 3.2.2 Settlement Mechanism
3.3 Revenue Inadequacy Allocation 3.3.1 Theoretical Analysis on Budget Imbalance 3.3.2 Revenue Inadequacy Allocation Strategy 3.4 Solution Algorithm 3.4.1 Non-congested Case 3.4.2 Congested Case 3.5 Case Studies 3.5.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 3.5.2 IEEE 118-Bus System 3.5.3 Polish 2383-Bus System 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Sharing Economy in Multi-area Electricity Markets 4.1 Introduction 4.2 System Model 4.2.1 VSC-HVDC Model 4.2.2 Multi-area Economic Dispatch Model 4.3 Incentive Mechanism 4.3.1 Marginal-Pricing Mechanism 4.3.2 Incentive-Compatible Mechanism 4.3.3 Revenue Inadequacy Allocation 4.3.4 Toy Example 4.4 Solution Algorithm 4.4.1 Framework 4.4.2 Decomposed Regional Sub-problem 4.4.3 Improved Lagrangian Multiplier 4.5 Case Studies 4.5.1 Impacts of Strategic Bids 4.5.2 Performance of the Proposed Mechanism 4.5.3 Impacts of Inter-area Transmission Capacity 4.5.4 Impacts of Thermal Generation Flexibility 4.5.5 3-Area 354-Bus Power System 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Sharing Economy for Renewable Energy Aggregation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Aggregation of Wind Farms and Concentrating Solar Power 5.2.1 Problem Description 5.2.2 Offering Strategy Model 5.2.3 Profit Sharing Mechanism 5.3 Aggregation of Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Markets 5.3.1 Energy Sharing Scheme 5.3.2 System Model 5.3.3 Profit Sharing Mechanism 5.3.4 Solution Algorithm 5.4 Aggregation of Distributed Energy Resources in Energy and Capacity Markets 5.4.1 Energy Sharing Scheme 5.4.2 System Model 5.4.3 Profit Sharing Mechanism 5.5 Case Studies
5.5.1 Aggregation of Wind Farms and Concentrating Solar Power 5.5.2 Aggregation of DERs in Energy Markets 5.5.3 Aggregation of DERs in Energy and Capacity Markets 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Sharing Economy in Energy Systems Integration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Integrated Energy Sharing Market 6.2.1 Status and Challenge 6.2.2 Market Operation Practice 6.2.3 Equilibrium-Based Integrated Energy Market 6.2.4 Arbitrage Models for Integrated Energy Markets 6.3 Sharing Economy in Joint Electricity-Heat Markets 6.3.1 Framework 6.3.2 Solar-Powered Heat Pump Planning Model 6.3.3 Pricing Model 6.3.4 Solution Algorithm 6.4 Sharing Economy in Joint Electricity-Gas Markets 6.4.1 Framework 6.4.2 Modeling for Power-To-Gas 6.4.3 System Model 6.5 Sharing Economy in Transportation-Energy Systems 6.5.1 Framework 6.5.2 Model of Fuel-Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle 6.5.3 Optimal Scheduling Model for Trans-Energy Systems 6.5.4 Shortest Path Search Algorithm 6.6 Integrated Demand Response 6.6.1 Basic Concept 6.6.2 Value Analysis 6.6.3 Techo-Economic Analysis 6.6.4 Key Issues and Potential Research of IDR 6.7 Case Studies 6.7.1 Sharing Economy in Joint Electricity-Heat Markets 6.7.2 Sharing Economy in Joint Electricity-Gas Markets 6.7.3 Sharing Economy in Transportation-Energy Systems 6.8 Conclusion References 7 Sharing Demand Side Resources for Regional Market Bidding 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sharing Demand Side Resources in Wholesale Markets 7.2.1 Co-optimization of Energy and Ancillary Service Markets 7.2.2 Uncertainty Modeling 7.2.3 Optimal Bidding Model 7.3 Sharing Demand Side Resources Toward Available Transfer Capability Enhancement 7.3.1 Available Transfer Capability Evaluation Framework 7.3.2 System Model 7.4 Sharing Demand Side Resources for Carbon Trading 7.4.1 Internet of Things Platform for Sharing Economy 7.4.2 Model of Electric Vehicle Fleets 7.4.3 Optimal Bidding Model
7.5 Case Studies 7.5.1 Wholesale Markets 7.5.2 Available Transfer Capability Enhancement 7.5.3 Energy and Carbon Markets 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Sharing Non-wire Alternatives for Transmission Expansion Deferral 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Overall Nodal Price 8.2.1 Basic Concept 8.2.2 Existing Transmission Cost Allocation Methods 8.3 Mechanism Design for Non-wire Alternative Planning 8.3.1 Strucutral Transmission Cost Identification 8.3.2 Usage-Based Transmission Cost Allocation 8.3.3 Optimal Planning Model 8.3.4 Solution Methodology 8.4 Sharing Non-wire Alternatives for Expansion Deferral 8.4.1 Tri-level Model Formulation 8.4.2 Solution Algorithm 8.5 Theorem 2 8.6 Case Studies 8.6.1 Non-wire Alternative Planning 8.6.2 Joint Planning for Non-wire Alternatives and Transmission Networks 8.7 Conclusion References 9 Information and Communication Technology for Sharing Economy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cloud-Edge Computing Technology for Energy Sharing 9.2.1 Tri-layer System Architecture of Energy Sharing 9.2.2 Coordinated Demand Response Program 9.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Convex Optimization 9.2.4 Lagrangian Multiplier Optimal Selection Approach 9.3 Influencing Factor: Communication Connectivity 9.3.1 Communication Topology Connectivity 9.3.2 System Model 9.4 Influencing Factor: Communication Reliability 9.4.1 Communication Reliability Model 9.4.2 System Model 9.4.3 Linearization Method 9.5 Resilience Amidst Rare Weather Events 9.5.1 Simplified Formulation 9.5.2 Reliability Value and Optimal Investment Problem 9.5.3 Main Results 9.6 Case Studies 9.6.1 Performance of Cloud-Edge Computing Algorithm 9.6.2 Impact of Communication Connectivity on Energy Sharing 9.6.3 Impact of Communication Reliability on Energy Sharing 9.7 Conclusion References
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