內容大鋼
本書緊密圍繞電力行業技術發展趨勢和行業痛點，描述了相關領域的國內外現狀和最新技術成果，匯聚了環保絕緣氣體研發與工程應用的國內外最新進展，緊跟時代步伐，總結並系統介紹了SF6替代技術最新的科研成果、應用前景、以及國內外技術現狀與發展趨勢。可以為該領域的科研人員和工程技術人員提供有益借鑒和參考。全書共分12章，重點介紹了SF6氣體及其環保替代氣體和智能電網中電氣設備的新型感測器及在線監測技術，具體內容包括：緒論；高壓氣體放電研究方法、基本理論、SF6的基本性能；激光誘導擊穿光譜技術及其在電力行業的應用；氣相色譜法和光聲光譜法及其在智能電氣設備中的應用；可調諧二極體激光吸收光譜法在化學物質檢測中的應用；紅外光譜與熱成像技術；紫外線光譜學和紫外線照相機，空氣絕緣電氣設備局部放電診斷的技術；高電壓組合電器GIS用電化學氣體感測器；化學發光法和紫外吸收法檢測放電過程中空氣分解物；電光和磁光效應感測器；邁克爾遜和法布里－珀羅干涉儀；聲學和超聲可視化。
目錄
Table of Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of Electrical Equipment
1.1.1 Primary Equipment
1.1.2 Secondary Equipment
1.2 Insulation Design Requirements
1.2.1 Electrical Requirements
1.2.2 Physical Limitations
1.2.3 Working Environment
1.2.4 Mechanical Requirements
1.2.5 Thermal Conditions
1.2.6 Processing
1.2.7 Reliability
1.3 Insulation Failures of Electrical Equipment
1.3.1 Insulation Failures and Their Hazards
1.3.2 Characterization of Insulation Condition
1.4 Advanced Sensors and Measurement Instruments in Electric Power Industry
1.4.1 Electrical and Magnetic Sensors
1.4.2 Optical, Chemical, Acoustic, and Mechanical Detection
1.5 Online Monitoring and Condition-Based Maintenance
1.5.1 The Main Problems with Offline Monitoring
1.5.2 Online Monitoring
1.6 Technical Requirements for Online Monitoring Systems
Bibliography
2 SF6Gas and Its Environmental-Friendly Alternatives
2.1 Review of Insulating Materials
2.1.1 Gases
2.1.2 Vacuum
2.1.3 Liquids
2.1.4 Solids
2.2 SF? and Its Alternatives
2.2.1 SF?
2.2.2 Situation and Development of Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas
2.3 Insulating and Extinguishing Performance of C?F?N
2.3.1 Power Frequency and DC Breakdown Characteristics
2.3.2 Lighting Impulse and Surface Flashover Characteristics
2.3.3 Arc Extinguishing Characteristics
2.4 Decomposition Characteristics of C?F?N
2.4.1 Introduction of Quantum Chemistry Theory
2.4.2 Decomposition and By-product Formation Mechanism
2.4.3 Decomposition By-product Measurement for C?F?N
2.4.4 Fault Decomposition Characteristics of SF? and C?F?N/CO?
2.4.5 Fault Criteria of C?F?N/CO? Decomposition
2.5 Compatibility Characteristics of C?F?N and Solid Materials
2.5.1 Solid Absorbent Materials
2.5.2 Rubber Sealing Materials
2.5.3 Epoxy Resin Materials
2.6 Review Questions
Bibliography
3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Principles
3.2.1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
3.2.2 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
3.2.3 The Physics and Chemistry of the Laser Plasma
3.3 Forming the LIBS Plasma in Gases, Liquids, and on Solids
3.3.1 Gases
3.3.2 Liquids
3.3.3 Particles
3.3.4 Solids
3.4 Components for a LIBS Apparatus
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Laser Systems
3.4.3 Methods of Spectral Resolution
3.4.4 Detectors
3.5 Industrial Application of LIBS
3.5.1 LIBS Detection in Electric Power Grids
3.5.2 LIBS Application in Thermal Power Plants
3.5.3 LIBS Application in Nuclear Power Stations
3.5.4 LIBS Application in Metal Alloys Industries
3.6 The Lowest Detectable Limit of LIBS
3.6.1 LIBS Lowest Detectable Limit
3.6.2 LIBS Typical Suppliers
3.7 Review Questions
Bibliography
4 Gas Chromatography & Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Insulating Liquids
4.3 Decomposing and Relevant Chemical By-products
4.4 Importance of Oil Sample Analysis
4.5 Oil Sampling Guidelines and Industry Practices
4.6 Interpretation Techniques
4.6.1 Fault Types
4.6.2 Techniques that Rely on the Gas Concentrations and Ratios
4.7 Online Dissolved Gas Analysis by Sensors and Chromatography
4.7.1 Online Monitoring of Power Transformers
4.7.2 Online Monitoring of Bushings and Lightning Arrestors
4.8 Online Dissolved Gas Analysis by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 Fundamentals of Photoacoustics
4.8.3 Photoacoustic Sensing Applications in Smart Grids
4.9 Typical Instrument Suppliers and the Measurable Scope of PAS
4.9.1 PAS Typical Suppliers
4.9.2 The Measurable Scope of PAS
4.10 Review Questions
Bibliography
5 Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Principles
5.2.1 Laser Spectroscopy Theory
5.2.2 Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy
5.2.3 Beer-Lambert Law
5.2.4 Spectroscopic Databases
5.2.5 Unique Advantages of TDLAS
5.3 Main Components of TDLAS and Relevant Techniques
5.3.1 Laser Sources of TDLAS
5.3.2 Laser Systems Signal Processing Techniques
5.4 Cavity Enhancement Techniques
5.4.1 Multipass Spectroscopic Absorption Cells
5.4.2 Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS)
5.5 Electric Power Industries Applications of TDLAS
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 TDLAS Applications in Dissolved Gas Analysis
5.5.3 CRDS Applications in GIS Faults Detection
5.5.4 TDLAS Applications in SF? Gas Leak Detection
5.5.5 TDLAS Applications in Coal-fired Power Plants
5.6 Review Questions
Bibliography
6 Infrared Thermal Imaging and Gases Leaking Detection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key Factors and Characteristics of Thermal Imaging
6.3 Main Components of Infrared Thermographers
6.4 Multispectral vs Hyperspectral Imaging: Differences
6.5 Smart Grid Applications of Infrared Thermal Imagers
6.6 Remote Gas Leak Detection by IR Imager
6.6.1 Infrared SF? Gas Leak Imager in Electric Power Grids
6.6.2 Arbitrary Gas Leak Detection by Commercial IR Cameras
6.7 Hyperspectral Imaging Applications in Electric Industry
6.8 Review Questions
Bibliography
7 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy & UV Camera
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Principles
7.2.1 The Origin of UV Band Structure
7.2.2 The Origin of Electric Discharge and Solar Blind Bands
7.3 Main Components of UV Cameras
7.3.1 UV Filters
7.3.2 UV Lens
7.3.3 Photomultiplier Tubes
7.3.4 Comparison among CCD, EMCCD, ICCD
7.4 Application Examples of UV Cameras in Smart Grids
7.5 Comparison of Ultraviolet and Infrared Imaging
7.6 Review Questions
Bibliography
8 Electrochemical Gas Sensors for GIS Off-line Detection
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Principles
8.2.1 Properties of Sulphur Hexafluoride SF? Gas
8.2.2 Electrical Characteristics of SF? Gas
8.3 Decomposition of SF? and Its Mixtures in Gas Insulated Equipment
8.4 Electrochemical Sensors for GIS
8.4.1 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry for SO? & H?S Sensors
8.4.2 Market for Electrochemical Gas Sensors
8.5 Application Examples of Electrochemical Sensors for GIS
8.6 Review Questions
Bibliography
9 Chemiluminescence and UV Absorption Detection
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Principles
9.2.1 Theoretical Foundation of Partial Discharge Phenomenon
9.2.2 Chemical Reactions of Air under Corona Discharge
9.3 Components of Ozone and NO? Monitors
9.3.1 UV Absorption Spectrum for Ozone Monitoring
9.3.2 Chemiluminescence Sensors for NO? Measurement
9.4 Application Examples of Air Decomposition Analysis
9.4.1 The Relationship between Ozone and Partial Discharge
9.4.2 Ozone Distribution in Hydro-generators
9.4.3 Ozone Sensors in Medium Voltage Switchboard
9.4.4 Forthcoming Applications of Ozone Sensors
9.5 Fundamental Study of Emission Spectrum in GIS
9.5.1 Experimental Model of Emission Spectra Analysis in SF?
9.5.2 Emission Spectra of Corona Discharge in SF?
9.5.3 Emission Spectra of Spark Discharge in SF?
9.5.4 Emission Spectra of Surface Discharge in SF?
9.6 Review Questions
Bibliography
10 Electro-optic and Magneto-optic Sensors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Principles
10.2.1 Kerr Electro-optic Effect
10.2.2 Pockels Electro-optic Effect
10.2.3 Faraday Magneto-optical Effect
10.3 Applications of Electro-optic and Magneto-optic Sensors
10.3.1 Current and Voltage Combo Sensors for Substations
10.3.2 Research and Development of ±800 kV UHVDC Fiber Optical Current Transducer
10.4 Review Questions
Bibliography
11 Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Principles
11.2.1 Category of Interferometers
11.2.2 Working Principle of Michelson Interferometer
11.2.3 Working Principle of Fabry-Perot Interferometer
11.3 Applications of Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.3.1 Trace Gas Detection by Michelson Interferometers
11.3.2 Partial Discharge Detection by Michelson Interferometers
11.3.3 Partial Discharge Detection by Fabry-Perot Interferometer
11.3.4 Temperature Sensing by Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.3.5 Mechanical Vibration Sensing by Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.3.6 Acoustic Wave Sensing by Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.3.7 Ultrasound Sensing by Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.3.8 Pressure Sensing by Fabry-Perot Interferometers
11.4 Review Questions
Bibliography
12 Acoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic Principles
12.2.1 Audio Spectrum
12.2.2 Working Principle of Microphones
12.2.3 Piezoelectric Effect and Piezoelectric Materials
12.3 Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors
12.3.1 Causes of Noise in Power Transformers
12.3.2 Voiceprints and Their Recognition
12.3.3 Acoustic Imaging of Mechanical Vibration and Noise
12.3.4 Partial Discharge Ultrasonic Detection in Enclosed Spaces
12.
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