Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Recent progress of SIBs in academy and industry 1.3 Potential application of carbon materials as cathode 1.4 Practical carbon anodes towards high energy or power density 1.5 The main research topics and content Chapter 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Main reagents and raw materials 2.2 Main equipment 2.3 Characterization 2.3.1 Structural characterization 2.3.2 Electrochemistry Chapter 3 Folded-Graphene as an Ultrafast Cathode Material 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental section 3.3 High-density folded-graphene cathode for SIBS 3.4 Ultrafast high-volumetric sodium storage via folded-graphene cathode 3.5 Summary Chapter 4 The Interplay of Oxygen Functional Groups and Folded Texture in Folded-Graphene Cathode 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Experimental section 4.3 The critical roles of oxygen functional groups and folded texture 4.4 The interplay of oxygen functional groups and folded texture 4.5 Summary Chapter 5 Achieving Efficient Sodium Storage on Carbon Anodes with Ether-derived Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Experimental section 5.3 Achieving efficient sodium storage on diverse carbon anodes with ether-based electrolytes 5.4 Advantages of ether-derived SEI 5.5 Summary Chapter 6 Evolution of the Electrochemical Interface with Ether-based Electrolytes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Experimental section 6.3 Improved sodiation depth in ether-based electrolytes 6.4 Evolution of interfacial electrochemistry with ether-based electrolytes 6.5 Summary Chapter 7 Conclusion and Perspective 7.1 Conclusion 7.2 Perspective References Research Achievements Acknowledgements