目錄
1 Introduction to Materials Science
1.1 Understanding Materials: The Importance of Materials Science and Engineering
1.2 Classi.cation of Materials
1.2.1 Metals
1.2.2 Ceramics
1.2.3 Polymers
1.2.4 Composites
1.3 Materials Driving Human Progress: A Historical Perspective
1.3.1 The Stone Age
1.3.2 The Bronze Age
1.3.3 The Iron Age
1.3.4 Steels Change the World
1.3.5 Polymers Make Life Comfortable
1.3.6 Ceramics Are Ancient, Yet Future Materials
1.3.7 Composites Prevail
1.3.8 Functional Materials Pave the Way to the Silicon Age
1.4 The Emergence and Meaning of Materials Science
1.5 The Importance of Traditional Materials in Economic Growth and Sustainability
1.5.1 Traditional Materials Are Generally Used Widely and in Large Quantities
1.5.2 Traditional Materials Are a Major Consumer of Mineral Resources
1.5.3 The Processing of Traditional Materials Often Leads to Severe Pollution
1.6 Advanced Materials: Driving the Wheel of Social Progress
1.6.1 The Development of Electronic Technology
1.6.2 The Birth of Optical Fiber Communication
1.6.3 Advances in Aerospace and Deep Ocean Technology
1.6.4 Quantum Materials and Metamaterials
1.7 Focus Areas in Materials Science and Engineering Development
1.7.1 Materials Design
1.7.2 Development of Materials Processing Technology
1.7.3 Application of Materials
1.7.4 Development of Advanced Materials and High-Tech Industries
1.7.5 Scienti.c Instruments and Testing Devices
1.8 The Structure of This Textbook
1.9 Questions
Bibliography
2 Electronic Structure
2.1 Atomic Structure
2.1.1 Atomic Composition
2.1.2 Atomic Structure Model
2.1.3 Energy Level and Electron Con.guration
2.1.4 Periodic Table of Elements
2.2 Interatomic Bonding
2.2.1 Bonding Orbitals and Antibonding Orbitals
2.2.2 Orbital Hybridization
2.2.3 Bond Strength and Bond Angle
2.3 Classi.cation of Bonding
2.3.1 Primary Interatomic Bonds
2.3.2 Secondary Bonding
2.4 Energy Band Theory
2.4.1 Energy Band
2.4.2 Brillouin Zone
2.4.3 Carriers and Femi Level
2.4.4 Mobility and Scattering
2.5 Questions
Bibliography
3 Introduction to Crystallography
3.1 Crystalline Materials and Their Periodicity
3.2 Crystal Structures and Space Lattices
3.3 Bravais Lattice
3.4 Crystallographic Directions and Planes
3.4.1 Point Coordinates
3.4.2 Indices of Crystallographic Directions [uvw
3.4.3 Indices of Crystallographic Planes (Hkl)
3.5 Linear and Planar Densities
3.6 Interplanar Spacings and Angles
3.7 The Weiss Zone Law
3.8 The Symmetry of Crystals
3.8.1 Point Symmetry Operations
3.8.2 Symmetry Elements
3.8.3 Symmetry Elements in Crystals
3.8.4 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups
3.8.5 Microscopic Symmetry Elements
3.8.6 Space Groups
3.9 Stereographic Projection
3.10 Questions
Bibliography
4 The Structure of Solid Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metallic Crystal Structures
4.2.1 The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure
4.2.2 The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure
4.2.3 The Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structure
4.2.4 Crystal Structures of Alloys
4.3 Crystal Structure of Ceramics
4.3.1 The Radius Ratio Rule for the Crystal Structures of Ceramics
4.3.2 Typical Ceramic Structures
4.3.3 Silicate Ceramics
4.4 Structure of Polymers
4.4.1 Chain Structures
4.4.2 Condensed Structures
4.5 Theoretical Density Calculation
4.6 Interstitial Sites in Crystal Structures
4.6.1 Tetrahedral Interstitial Site
4.6.2 Octahedral Interstitial Site
4.7 Polymorphism
4.8 Polycrystals
4.9 Amorphous Materials
4.10 Nanocrystals
4.11 Quasicrystals
4.12 Questions
Bibliography
5 Crystal Defects
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Major Defects in the Crystal
5.2.1 Point Defects
5.2.2 Line Defects
5.2.3 Planar Defects
5.3 Vacancies
5.4 Dislocations
5.4.1 History of Dislocations
5.4.2 Two Basic Types of Dislocations
5.4.3 Burgers Vector
5.4.4 Dislocation Motion
5.4.5 Dislocation Density
5.5 Stress Fields of Dislocations
5.5.1 Continuum Medium Model for Dislocations
5.5.2 Stress Components
5.5.3 Stress Field of a Screw Dislocation
5.5.4 Stress Field of an Edge Dislocation
5.6 Strain Energy of Dislocations
5.6.1 Strain Energy of an Edge Dislocation
5.6.2 Strain Energy of a Screw Dislocation
5.7 Line Tension of Dislocations
5.8 Dislocation Nucleation and Multiplication
5.8.1 Dislocation Nucleation
5.8.2 Dislocation Multiplication
5.9 Dislocation Interactions
5.9.1 Dislocation Interactions with Defect Fields
5.9.2 Dislocation Interactions with Grain Boundaries
5.9.3 Dislocation Interactions with Isolated Obstacles
5.10 Major Planar Defects
5.10.1 Grain Boundary
5.10.2 Twin Boundary
5.10.3 Stacking Fault
5.11 Characterization of Defects and Some Latest Research Progress
5.11.1 Characterization of Defects
5.11.2 Research Progress on the High Strength Steels
5.11.3 Research Progress on the High Entropy Alloys
5.12 Questions
Bibliography
6 Diffusion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fick』s Laws
6.2.1 Fick』s First Law
6.2.2 Fick』s Second Law
6.2.3 Solution to Fick』s Second Law and Their Application
6.3 Theory and Mechanism of Diffusion
6.3.1 Atomic Hopping and Diffusion Distance
6.3.2 Atomic Hopping and Diffusion Coef.cient
6.3.3 Diffusion Mechanism
6.3.4 Diffusion Activation Energy
6.3.5 Factors Affecting Diffusion
6.4 The Kirkendall Effect in Solid State Diffusion
6.4.1 The Kirkendall Effect
6.4.2 The Darken』s Equation and the Interdiffusion Coef.cient
6.4.3 The Theoretical and Practical Signi.cance of Kirkendall Effect
6.5 Diffusion Kinetics
6.5.1 Driving Force for Diffusion
6.5.2 Generalized Diffusion Coef.cient
6.5.3 Uphill Diffusion
6.6 Other Diffusion Types
6.6.1 Reaction Diffusion
6.6.2 Diffusion in Ionic Crystal
6.6.3 Diffusion in Polymers
6.7 Questions
Bibliography
7 Material Surfaces and Interfaces
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basics Concepts
7.2.1 Surface Energy of Solids
7.2.2 Solid–Liquid Interface and Wettability
7.2.3 Solid–Solid Interface
7.3 Interface Structures in Crystals
7.3.1 Degrees of Freedom of the Interface
7.3.2 Low-Angle Grain Boundaries
7.3.3 High-Angle Grain Boundaries
7.3.4 Phase Boundary
7.4 Interfaces in Composite Systems
7.4.1 Formation of Composite Interfaces
7.4.2 Interface Structure and Theory of Polymer-Matrix Composites
7.4.3 Interface Structure of Non-polymer-Matrix Composites
7.4.4 Interface Failure of Composites
7.5 Composite Principles
7.6 Surface and Interface Analysis
7.6.1 Electron Spectroscopies
7.6.2 Multi-technique UHV Chambers
7.7 Functional Surface
7.7.1 Superhydrophobic Surface
7.7.2 Wear-Resistant Surface
7.7.3 Adhesive Surface
7.8 Questions
Bibliography
8 Phase Diagrams
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basics of Phase Diagrams
8.2.1 De.nitions and Concepts
8.2.2 Constructions of Phase Diagrams
8.2.3 Thermodynamic Basis of Phase Diagrams
8.2.4 The Lever Rule and Gibbs Phase Rule
8.3 Unary Phase Diagrams
8.3.1 Phase Diagram of H2O
8.3.2 Other Representative Unary Phase Diagrams
8.4 Binary Phase Diagrams
8.4.1 Binary Isomorphous Phase Diagrams
8.4.2 Binary Eutectic Phase Diagrams
8.4.3 Binary Peritectic Phase Diagrams
8.4.4 Other Types of Binary Phase Diagrams
8.4.5 Examples of Practical Binary Phase Diagrams
8.4.6 The Iron-Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe3C) Phase Diagrams
8.5 Ternary Phase Diagrams
8.5.1 Basics of Ternary Phase Diagrams
8.5.2 Ternary Phase Diagrams with Two-Phase Equilibrium
8.5.3 Ternary Phase Diagrams with Three-Phase Equilibrium
8.5.4 Ternary Phase Diagrams with Four-Phase Equilibrium
8.6 Questions
Bibliography
9 Solidi.cation and Crystallization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Solidi.cation and Crystallization of Metals
9.2.1 Structure of Molten Metal
9.2.2 Solidi.cation of Pure Metals
9.2.3 Solidi.cation of Single-Phase Alloys
9.2.4 Solidi.cation of Eutectic Alloys
9.2.5 Ingot Microstructure and Solidi.cation Technology
9.3 Solidi.cation and Crystallization of Ceramics
9.4 Solidi.cation and Crystallization of Polymers
9.4.1 Common Rules Affecting Crystallization
9.4.2 Chain Structure Affecting Crystallization
9.5 Questions
Bibliography
10 Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classi.cation and Characteristics of Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.2.1 Classi.cation of Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.2.2 Characteristics of Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.3 Thermodynamics of Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.3.1 Nucleation in Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.3.2 Metastable Versus Equilibrium
10.4 Kinetics of Solid-State Phase Transformations
10.4.1 Diffusional Growth
10.4.2 Kinetic of Phase Transformations
10.5 Diffusional Phase Transformations
10.5.1 Precipitation from Solid Solution
10.5.2 Eutectoid Transformation
10.6 Diffusionless Phase Transformation
10.6.1 Characteristics of Martensitic Transformation
10.6.2 Thermodynamics of Martensitic Transformation
10.6.3 Crystal Structure of Martensite in Steel
10.6.4 Microstructure of Martensite
10.6.5 Mechanisms of Martensitic Transformation
10.6.6 Mechanical Properties of Martensite
10.7 Transitional Phase Transformation
10.7.1 Basic Features of Bainite Transformation
10.7.2 Microstructure of Bainite
10.7.3 Mechanical Properties of Bainite
10.8 Isothermal and Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram
10.8.1 Isothermal Transformation Diagram
10.8.2 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram
10.9 Questions
Bibliography
11 Functional Character of Materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Thermal Properties
11.2.1 Heat Capacity
11.2.2 Thermal Expansion
11.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.3 Electrical Properties
11.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
11.3.2 Conductivity of Metals
11.3.3 Conductivity of Ceramics
11.3.4 Conductivity of Polymers
11.3.5 Superconductivity
11.4 Magnetic Properties
11.4.1 Magnetic Field
11.4.2 Origins of Magnetic Moments
11.4.3 Magnetic Classi.cation
11.4.4 Magnetic Materials
11.5 Optical Properties
11.5.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
11.5.2 Light Interaction with Solid
11.5.3 Re.ection of Light
11.5.4 Refraction of Light
11.5.5 Transmission of Light
11.5.6 Absorption of Light
11.6 Questions
Bibliography
12 Deformation and Stress–Strain Behavior of Solid Materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic De.nitions and Classical Mechanical Properties
12.2.1 Basic De.nitions
12.2.2 Classical Mechanical Properties
12.3 Deformation and Strength of Metals
12.3.1 Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals
12.3.2 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals
12.3.3 Plastic Deformation and Strengthening of Alloys
12.3.4 Effect of Plastic Deformation on Microstructure and Properties
12.4 Annealing of Plastically Deformed Metals
12.4.1 Changes in Structure and Properties of Cold-Deformed Metals During Heating
12.4.2 Recovery of Cold-Worked Metals
12.4.3 Recrystallization of Cold-Worked Metals
12.4.4 Grain Growth After Recrystallization
12.4.5 Recrystallization Texture and Annealing Twins
12.4.6 Thermal Deformation and Superplasticity
12.5 Deformation and Strength of Ceramics
12.5.1 Deformation and Modulus of Ceramic Materials
12.5.2 Tensile and Compressive Strengths of Ceramic Materials
12.6 Molecular Motion and Transition of Polymers
12.6.1 Characteristics of Molecular Motion of Polymers
12.6.2 Relationship Between Polymer Molecular Motion and Mechanical States
12.6.3 Glass Transition of Polymers
12.7 Deformation and Strength of Polymers
12.7.1 High Elasticity
12.7.2 Viscoelasticity
12.7.3 Yield and Stress–Strain Curve of Polymer
12.7.4 Fracture and Strength of Polymers
12.7.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Strength
12.8 Questions
Bibliography
13 Computational Materials Science
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Density Functional Theory
13.2.1 Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics
13.2.2 Development History of Density Functional Theory
13.2.3 Exchange–Correlation Functional
13.3 Molecular Dynamics
13.3.1 Basics of Molecular Dynamics
13.3.2 Classi.cation of the Heterogeneous System
13.3.3 Numerical Algorithms
13.3.4 Potential Function
13.4 Monte Carlo Method
13.4.1 Calculation Framework of Monte Carlo Method
13.4.2 Basic Principles of Monte Carlo Method
13.5 Questions
Bibliography
14 Nobel Prizes and Materials Science
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Semiconductors and Transistor Effect (1956, The Nobel Prize in Physics)
14.2.1 The Prize
14.2.2 Brief History of Transistors
14.2.3 The Future of Transistors
14.3 Ceramic Superconductor (1987, The Nobel Prize in Physics)
14.3.1 The Prize
14.3.2 Brief History
14.3.3 The Future of Superconductivity
14.4 Fullerene (1996, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
14.4.1 The Prize
14.4.2 History of Fullerene
14.4.3 Future of Fullerene
14.5 Computational Methods from Quantum Mechanics (1998, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
14.5.1 The Prize
14.5.2 Brief History of Computer-Based Calculations
14.5.3 The Application and Future of Computer Simulations
14.6 Conductive Polymers (2000, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
14.6.1 The Prize
14.6.2 Brief History of Conductive Polymers
14.6.3 The Future of Conductive Polymers
14.7 Optical Fiber (2009, The Nobel Prize in Physics)
14.7.1 The Prize
14.7.2 Early History of Glass Fibers
14.7.3 Present and Future Applications
14.8 Graphene (2010, The Nobel Prize in Physics)
14.8.1 The Prize
14.8.2 Brief History of Graphene
14.8.3 Future of Graphene
14.9 Blue Light-Emitting Diodes (2014, The Nobel Prize in Physics)
14.9.1 The Prize
14.9.2 Brief History of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes
14.9.3 The Future of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes
14.10 Li-Ion Battery (2019, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
14.10.1 The Prize
14.10.2 Brief History of Batteries
14.10.3 The Future of Batteries
Bibliography
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