目錄
Preface
1 Basic Information about the Research Paper
1a Hatred of the research paper
1b De?nition of the research paper
1c Format of the research paper
1d Reasons for the research paper
1e The report paper and the thesis paper
1f Drafts of the research paper
1g Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule
2 Choosing a Topic
2a How to choose a topic
2b Topics to avoid
2b-1 Topics that are too big
2b-2 Topics based on a single source
2b-3 Topics that are too technical
2b-4 Topics that are trivial
2b-5 Topics that are too hot
2c Narrowing the topic
3 The Library
3a Layout of the library
3a-1 The computer
3a-2 Online full-text databases
3a-3 Microform indexes
3a-4 Stacks
3a-5 Reserve room or shelf
3a-6 Main desk
3a-7 Reserve desk
3a-8 Audiovisual room
3a-9 Microform room
3a-10 Newspaper racks
3a-11 Computer room
3a-12 Carrels
3b Organization of the library collections
3b-1 The Dewey Decimal System
3b-2 The Cutter-Sanborn Author Marks
3b-3 The Library of Congress Classi?cation System
3b-4 Classi?cation of periodicals
3b-5 Classi?cation of nonbooks
4 Using the Computer in Your Research
4a Computers and the research paper
4b The Internet
4b-1 The World Wide Web
4c Online resources
4c-1 Databases
4c-2 Electronic journals
4c-3 Online public-access catalogs (OPACs)
4c-4 Blogs and social networks
4d Researching with search engines
4d-1 Finding a search engine
4e Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher
4f Evaluating Internet sources
4f-1 Where was the information found
4f-2 Who wrote it
4f-3 Who publishes it
4f-4 What are the writer』s sources
4f-5 What tone does the writer use
4f-6 What do the writer』s contemporaries
have to say
4f-7 What is the writer』s motive
4f-8 What is the context of the writer
opinion
4g Running a search
4h Useful Internet sites
5 Doing the Research
5a What information to look for
5a-1 Single-fact information
5a-2 General information
5a-3 In-depth information
5b Where to look for information
5b-1 General indexes
5b-2 Specialized indexes
5b-3 Using interviews and surveys
5b-4 Corresponding by e-mail
5b-5 Attending lectures, concerts, or art exhibits
5c Assembling a working bibliography
5d Selecting your sources: Skimming
5d-1 Primary and secondary sources
5d-2 Evaluating sources
5e Note-taking
5e-1 Using the computer to take notes
5e-2 Using a copy machine to take notes
5e-3 Kinds of notes
a.The summary
b.The paraphrase
c.The quotation
d.The personal comment
5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it
6 The Thesis and the Outline
6a The thesis: De?nition and function
6a-1 Formulating the thesis
6a-2 Rules for wording the thesis
6a-3 Placing the thesis
6a-4 Choosing a title
6b The outline
6b-1 Visual conventions of the outline
6b-2 Equal ranking in outline entries
6b-3 Parallelism in outline entries
6b-4 Types of outlines
a.The topic outline
b.The sentence outline
c.The paragraph outline
d.Decimal outline notation
6c Choosing an outline form
7 Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft
7a Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist
7b Writer』s block
7c Writing with a computer
7c-1 Overdoing it
7c-2 Using a spell-checker
7d Using your notes in the paper
7d-1 Summaries and paraphrases
7d-2 Direct and indirect quotations
7d-3 Using brief direct quotations
7d-4 Using long quotations
7d-5 Using quotations from poetry
7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation
7d-7 Punctuating quotations
7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material
7d-9 Using the ellipsis 997d-10 Overusing quotations
7d-11 Personal commentary
7e How to use quotations to explore and discover
7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis
7f-1 Unity
7f-2 Coherence
7f-3 Emphasis
7g Using the proper tense
7h Using graphics in your research paper
7i Writing the abstract
8 Revising Your Rough Draft
8a Principles of revision
8a-1 Rereading your writing
8a-2 Revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements
8b Revising the opening paragraph
8b-1 Revising the introduction
a.Use a quotation
b.Ask a question
c.Present an illustration
8b-2 Check that your paragraphs follow the sequence
of topics in the thesis
8b-3 Revising the body paragraphs
8b-4 Check paragraph transitions
8c Revising sentences for variety and style
8c-1 Revise sentences to use the active voice
8c-2 Revise to use an appropriate point of view
8c-3 Revise sexist language
8d Revising words: Diction
8d-1 Revise diction for accuracy and exactness
8d-2 Revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead
of single nouns
8d-3 Revise redundant expressions
8d-4 Revise meaningless words and phrases
8d-5 Revise snobbish diction
8e Rules for Writers.Not
9 The MLA System of Documentation
9a Parenthetical documentation: Author-work (MLA)
9a-1 What to document
9a-2 Guidelines for in-text citations
9b Format for 「Works Cited」 (MLA)
9b-1 General order in references to books
a.Author
b.Title
c.Name of editor, compiler, or translator
d.Edition (other than ?rst)
e.Series name and number
f. Volume number
g.Publication facts
h.Page numbers
i.Medium of publication
9b-2 Sample references to books
a.Book by a single author
b.Book by two or more authors
c.Book by a corporate author
d.Book by an anonymous or pseudonymous author
e.Work in several volumes or parts
f. Work within a collection of pieces, all by the same author
g.Collections: Anthologies, casebooks, and readers
h.Double reference—a quotation within a cited work
i. Reference works
j. Work in a series
k.Reprint
l.Edition
m.Edited work
n.Book published in a foreign country
o.Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
p.Translation
q.Book of illustrations
r.Foreign title
9b-3 General order in references to periodicals
a.Author
b.Title of the article
c.Publication information
d.Pages
e.Medium of publication 1559b-4 Sample references to periodicals
a.Anonymous author
b.Single author
c.More than one author
d.Journal with continuous or separate pagination
e.Monthly magazine
f. Weekly magazine
g.Newspaper
h.Editorial
i.Letter to the editor
j. Critical review
k.Published interview
l. Published address or lecture
9b-5 References to electronic sources
9b-6 General order in references to electronic sources
9b-7 Sample references to electronic sources
a.Abstract online or on CD-ROM
b.CD-ROM
c.Computer program
d.Corporate website
e.E-mail
f.FTP source
g.Gopher
h.Government website
i.Electronic mailing list
j.MOOs and MUDs (synchronous communication)
k.Online book
l. Online database
m.Online dictionary
n.Online encyclopedia
o.Online magazine article—author listed
p.Online magazine article—no author listed
q.Telnet
r. Usenet
s.Website—author listed
t. Website—no author listed
9b-8 Sample references to nonprint materials
a.Address or lecture
b.Artwork
c.Film, videotape, or DVD
d.Interview
e.Musical composition
f.Radio or television program
g.Sound recording (compact disc or tape)
h.Performance
9b-9 Sample references to special items
a.Artwork, published
b.The Bible and other sacred writings
c.Classical works in general
d.Dissertation
e.Footnote or endnote citation
f.Manuscript or typescript
g.Pamphlet or brochure
h.Personal letter
i. Plays
j. Poems
k.Public documents
l. Quotation used as a source
m.Report
n.Table, graph, chart, map, or other illustration
9c Content notes
9c-1 Content note explaining a term
9c-2 Content note expanding on an idea
9c-3 Content note referring the reader to another source
9c-4 Content note explaining procedures
9c-5 Content note acknowledging help
9c-6 Content note consolidating references
9d Finished form of the MLA paper
9d-1 Appearance
9d-2 Title page
9d-3 Abstract
9d-4 Pagination and headings
9d-5 Spacing of text
9d-6 Font
9d-7 Illustrations, tables, and other graphics
a.Tables
b.Other illustrative materials
9d-8 Use of numbers
9d-9 Bibliography (titled 「Works Cited」)
9e Peer review checklist
9f Submitting your paper electronically
10 The APA System of Documentation
10a Parenthetical documentation: Author-date (APA)
10a-1 Examples of APA in-text citations to books
a.One work by a single author
b.Subsequent references 188c.One work by two authors
d.One work by three to ?ve authors
e.Work by six or more authors
f.Corporate author
g.Works by an anonymous author or no author
h.Authors with the same surname
i. Two or more works in the same parentheses
j. References to speci?c parts of a source
k.Personal communications
l. Citation as part of a parenthetical comment
10a-2 Avoiding clutter in the text
10b Format for 「References」 (APA)
10b-1 General order for books in 「References」
10b-2 Sample references to books
a.Book by a single author
b.Book by two or more authors
c.Edited book
d.Translated book
e.Book in a foreign language
f.Revised edition of a book
g.Book by a corporate author
h.Multivolume book
i. Unpublished manuscript
10b-3 General order for periodicals in 「References」
10b-4 Sample references to periodicals
a.Journal article, one author
b.Journal article, up to six authors
c.Journal article, paginated anew in each issue
d.Journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume
e.Magazine article, magazine issued monthly
f.Magazine article, magazine issued on a speci?c day
g.Newspaper article
h.Editorial
i Letter to the editor
j.Review
10b-5 Sample references to electronic sources
a.Abstract online
b.CD-ROM
c.Computer program
d.Corporate website
e.E-mail
f.FTP source
g.Gopher
h.Government website
i.Electronic mailing list (Listserv)
j.MOOs and MUDs (synchronous communication) 203k.Online book
l. Online database
m.Online dictionary
n.Online encyclopedia
o.Online magazine article—author listed
p.Online magazine article—no author listed
q.Telnet
r. Usenet
s.Website—author listed
t. Website—no author listed
u.Message posted to a group
10b-6 Sample references to nonprint materials
a.Motion picture
b.Audio recording (cassette, record, tape, compact disc)
10b-7 Sample references to special items
a.Government documents
b.Legal references
c.A report
10c Writing the abstract
10d Finished form of the paper
10d-1 Two kinds of APA papers: The theoretical and the empirical
10d-2 Appearance of the ?nal copy
a.Outline
b.Title page
c.Abstract
d.Text
e.Content notes and endnotes
f.Illustrations: Tables and ?gures
g.Use of numbers
h.Using the right tense
i Bibliography (titled 「References」)
10e Peer review checklist
10f Submitting your paper electronically
11 The Traditional System of Documentation (CMS)
11a Footnotes and endnotes
11a-1 Formatting of notes
11a-2 Rules for numbering the notes
11a-3 Sample footnote references to books
a.Single author
b.More than one author
c.Work in several volumes or parts
d.Collections: Anthologies, casebooks, and readers
e.Double reference—a quotation within a cited work
f.Edition
g.Translation
11a-4 Sample footnotes for periodicals
a.Anonymous author
b.Single author
c.More than one author
d.Journal with continuous pagination in the annual volume
e.Journal with separate pagination for each issue
f.Monthly magazine
g.Weekly magazine
h.Newspaper
i.Editorial
j.Letter to the editor
11b Subsequent references in footnotes and endnotes
11c Electronic sources
11d Finished form of the paper
11d-1 Abstract
11d-2 Pagination and text format
11d-3 Content or reference notes
11d-4 Illustrations: Tables and ?gures
a.Tables
b.Other illustrative materials
11d-5 Use of numbers
11d-6 Bibliography
11e Peer review checklist
11f Submitting your paper electronically
12 Sample Student Papers
12a Paper using author-work documentation (MLA)
12b Paper using author-date documentation (APA)
12c Paper using footnote documentation (CMS) 265APPENDICES
A Mechanics
A1 Numbers and dates
A1-a Percentages and amounts of money
A1-b Inclusive numbers
A1-c Roman numerals
A1-d Dates
A2 Titles
A2-a Titles in italic
A2-b Titles in quotation marks
A2-c Titles within titles
A2-d Frequent references to a title
A3 Italic and underlining
A4 Names of people
A5 Hyphenating words
A6 Spaces and punctuation marks
A7 Foreign-language words
A8 Abbreviations
A8-a Commonly used abbreviations
A8-b The Bible
A8-c Shakespeare
A8-d Days and months
A8-e States and U.S.territories
A8-f Publishers』 names
A8-g Abbreviations
A9 Spelling
B General and Specialized References, an Annotated List
B1 A list of general references
B1-a Sources that list books
B1-b Sources that list periodicals and newspapers
B1-c Sources about general knowledge 297B1-d Encyclopedias
B1-e Sources about words: Dictionaries
B1-f Works about places
B1-g Works about people
B1-h Resources about government publications
B1-i Sources about nonbooks (nonprint materials)
B2 A list of specialized references
B2-a Art
B2-b Business and economics
B2-c Dance
B2-d Ecology
B2-e Education
B2-f Ethnic studies
B2-g High technology
B2-h History
B2-i Literature
B2-j Music
B2-k Mythology, classics, and folklore
B2-l Philosophy
B2-m Psychology
B2-n Religion
B2-o Science
B2-p Social sciences
B2-q Women』s studies
Credits
Index
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