目錄
Translator's Introduction
Preface to the First Edition
INTRODUCTION
Chapter
I. A Glance at the History of Linguistics
II. Subject Matter and Scope of Linguistics; Its Relations with Other Sciences
III. Object of Linguistics
1. Definition of Language
2. Place of Language in the Facts of Speech
3. Place of Language in Human Facts; Semiology
IV. Linguistics of Language and Linguistics of Speaking
V. Internal and External Elements of Language
VI. Graphic Representation of Language
1. Need for Studying the Subject
2. Influence of Writing; Reason for Its Ascendancy over the Spoken Form
3. Systems of Writing
4. Reasons for the Discrepancy between Writing and Pronunciation
5. Results of the Discrepancy
VII. Phonology
1. Definition
2. Phonological Writing
3. Validity of Evidence Furnished by Writing
APPENDIX PRINCIPLES OF PHONOLOGY
Chapter
I. Phonological Species
1. Definition of the Phoneme
2. The Vocal Apparatus and its Functioning
3. Classification of Sounds According to Their Oral Articulation
II. Phonemes in the Spoken Chain
1. Need for Studying Sounds in the Spoken Chain
2. Implosion and Explosion
3. Different Combinations of Explosions and Implosions in the Chain
4. Syllabic Boundary and Vocalic Peak
5. Criticism of Theories of Syllabication
6. Length of Implosion and Explosion
7. Phonemes of Aperture 4; Diphthongs; Questions about Transcription
Editor's Note
PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES
I. Nature of the Linguistic Sign
1. Sign, Signified, Signifier
2. Principle I: The Arbitrary Nature of the Sign
3. Principle II: The Linear Nature of the Signifier
II. Immutability and Mutability of the Sign
1. Immutability
2. Mutability
III. Static and Evolutionary Linguistics
1. Inner Duality of All Sciences Concerned with Values
2. Inner Duality and the History of Linguistics
3. Inner Duality Illustrated by Examples
4. The Difference between the Two Classes Illustrated by Comparisons
5. The Two Linguistics Contrasted According to Their Methods and Principles
6. Synchronic Law and Diachronic Law
7. Is There a Panchronic Viewpoint?
8. Consequences of the Confusing of Synchrony and Diachrony
9. Conclusions
PART TWO SYNCHRONIC LINGUISTICS
I. Generalities
II. The Concrete Entities of Language
1. Definition of Entity and Unit
2. Method of Delimitation
3. Practical Difficulties of Delimitation
4. Conclusion
III. Identities, Realities, Values
IV. Linguistic Value
1. Language as Organized Thought Coupled with Sound
2. Linguistic Value from a Conceptual Viewpoint
3. Linguistic Value from a Material Viewpoint
4. The Sign Considered in Its Totality
V. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations
1. Definitions
2. Syntagmatic Relations
3. Associative Relations
VI. Mechanism of Language
1. Syntagmatic Solidarities
2. Simultaneous Functioning of the Two Types of Groupings
3. Absolute and Relative Arbitrariness
VII. Grammar and Its Subdivisions
1. Definitions: Traditional Divisions
2. Rational Divisions
VIII. Role of Abstract Entities in Grammar
PART THREE DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS
I. Generalities
II. Phonetic Changes
1. Their Absolute Regularity
2. Conditioned Phonetic Changes
3. Points on Method
4. Causes of Phonetic Changes
5. The Effect of Phonetic Changes Is Unlimited
III. Grammatical Consequences of Phonetic Evolution
1. Breaking of the Grammatical Bond
2. Effacement of the Structure of Words
3. There are No Phonetic Doublets
4. Alternation
5. Laws of Alternation
6. Alternation and Grammatical Bond
IV. Analogy
1. Definition and Examples
2. Analogical Phenomena Are Not Changes
3. Analogy as a Creative Force in Language
V. Analogy and Evolution
1. How an Analogical Innovation Enters Language
2. Analogical Innovations as Symptoms of Changes in Interpretation
3. Analogy as a Renovating and Conservative Force
VI. Folk Etymology
VII. Agglutination
1. Definition
2. Agglutination and Analogy
VIII. Diachronic Units, Identities, and Realities
Appendices to Parts Three and Four
1. Subjective and Objective Analysis
2. Subjective Analysis and the Defining of Subunits
3. Etymology
PART FOUR GEOGRAPHICAL LINGUISTICS
I. Concerning the Diversity of Languages
II. Complications of Geographical Diversity
1. Coexistence of Several Languages at the Same Point
2. Literary Language and Local Idiom
III. Causes of Geographical Diversity
1. Time, the Basic Cause
2. Effect of Time on Continuous Territory
3. Dialects Have No Natural Boundaries
4. Languages Have No Natural Boundaries
IV. Spread of Linguistic Waves
1. Intercourse and Provincialism
2. The Two Forces Reduced to One
3. Linguistic Differentiation on Separate Territories
PART FIVE CONCERNING RETROSPECTIVE LINGUISTICS
I. The Two Perspectives of Diachronic Linguistics
II. The Oldest Language and the Prototype
III. Reconstructions
1. Their Nature and Aim
2. Relative Accuracy of Reconstructions
IV. The Contribution of Language to Anthropology and Prehistory
1. Language and Race
2. Ethnic Unity
3. Linguistic Paleontology
4. Linguistic Type and Mind of the Social Group
V. Language Families and Linguistic Types
Index
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