目錄
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Part Ⅰ Some preliminary ideas
1 What is science; what is art?
1.1 The coherence of our experience
1.2 Truth in science
1.2.1 Proving a theory false
1.3 Operational definitions
1.4 Inspiration and perspiration
1.5 Criticism and self esteem
1.6 Looking at art
References
Part Ⅱ The nature of light
2 What light is
2. l The speed of light
2.1.1 The speed of light with a shortwave radio
2.1.2 Relativity and the speed of light
2.2 Geometry
2.3 Waves
2.3.1 Amplitude
2.3.2 Speed, wavelength and frequency
2.3.3 The electromagnetic spectrum
2.4 Particles
Reference
3 What light does
3.1 Reflection, absorption and transmission
3.2 Specular reflection
3.3 Refraction
3.3.l Total internal reflection
3.3.2 Dispersion
3.4 Diffuse reflections
3.5 Scattering
3.5.1 Wavelength-dependent scattering
3.5.2 Wavelength-independent scattering
3.6 Interference
3.7 Diffraction
3.8 Fluorescence
3.9 Polarization
4 Sources of light
4.1 Light and its spectrum
4.2 Thermal radiation
4.3 Non-thermal radiation
Reference
5 Wavelength reconsidered
Part Ⅲ Geometry and two-dimensional design
6 Geometry and the picture plane
6.1 From 3D to 2D
6.2 The human brain's construction of three-dimensional reality
6.3 Linear perspective and the Camera Obscura
6.4 The picture plane
References
7 Light and shadow: photograms
7.1 Shadows and the source of light
7.2 Laser photograms
References
8 Ray optics 1: pinhole photography
8.1 Focal length and angle of view
8.1.1 Image size
8.1.2 Detector format
8.1.3 Angle of view
8.2 Distortion and angle of view
8.3 Vignetting
8.4 Focal ratio
9 Ray optics 2: lenses
9.1 Focus
9.2 Focal length
9.3 Depth of focus and focal ratio
9.4 Zone focusing
9.5 Ray tracing
9.6 Aberrations and distortion
9.6.1 Spherical aberration
9.6.2 Coma
9.6.3 Chromatic aberration
9.6.4 Aperture and aberrations
9.6.5 Distortion
9.7 Resolution
9.8 Lens design
10 Symmetry
10.1 Transformations and invariance
10.2 Symmetry in physics
10.2.1 Symmetry and mirrors, again
10.2.2 Mirror symmetry and P-invariance
10.3 Symmetry in art
10.3.1 Formal symmetry in art
10.3.2 Balance in two-dimensional art
10.4 Asymmetry and broken symmetry
References
11 Two-dimensional (2D) design
11.1 Elements of 2D design
11.2 Figure and ground
11.3 Lines
11.4 Geometric shapes
11.5 Value and contrast
11.6 Hue and saturation
11.7 Depth cues
11.8 Unity and repetition
11.9 Rhythm
11.10 Framing
11.11 Composition: some useful rules of thumb
11.11.1 The rule of thirds
11.11.2 The rule of odds
11.11.3 The rule of space
11.11.4 The rule of simplicity
11.11.5 The rule of diagonals
11.11.6 The rule of triangles
11.11.7 The golden rectangle and the rule of the golden mean
11.12 Some examples of 2D design in photography
11.12.1 The Lambeth Walk by Bill Brandt
11.12.2 Child with Toy Hand Grenade by Diane Arbus
11.12.3 Marilyn Monroe, Hollywood by Eve Arnold
11.12.4 Dovina with Elephants" by Richard Avedon
11.12.5 Andean Boy, Cuzco by Werner Bischof
References
12 The view camera
12.1 Description of movements
12.2 Movements and the image circle
12.3 Selective focus
12.4 Controlling perspective
12.4.1 Altering perspective with a pinhole camera
Appendices
A Make your own photograms
B Notes on the golden rectangle
C Optimal pinhole size for a pinhole camera
D Units, dimensions and scientific notation
編輯手記
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