Preface Acknowledgements Author biographies 1 Introduction References 2 The field of accelerator techniques 2.1 Different types of accelerator 2.2 Orbital accelerators 2.2.1 Cyclotrons 2.2.2 Synchrocyclotrons and isochronous cyclotrons 2.2.3 Synchrotrons 2.3 Linear accelerators 2.4 Direct voltage accelerators 2.5 Tandem electrostatic accelerator References 3 History of electrostatic accelerators 3.1 Development of Van de Graaff accelerators 3.2 The Herb accelerators 3.3 Commercially produced accelerators 3.4 The development of tandem accelerat~ors 3.5 The big machines References 4 Electrostatics 4.1 Field distributions 4.2 Potential dividers References 5 Insulating gases References 6 Charging systems 6.1 Belt charging systems 6.2 Chain charging systems 6.3 Cascade generator charging systems References 7 Voltage distribution systems 7.1 Corona point systems 7.2 Resistor chains Reference 8 High voltage stabilisation 8.1 Feedback voltage stabilisation 8.1.1 Voltage multiplier-high voltage supplies 8.1.2 Stabilisation of chain- and belt-charged accelerators References 9 Accelerator tubes 9.1 Beam optics Reference 10 Ion stripper system and terminal pumping 10.1 Charge exchange 10.1.1 Foil strippers 10.1.2 Gas strippers 10.1.3 Terminal pumping
References 11 Electron sources 11.0.1 Thermionic emission 11.0.2 Thermionic emission of electrons from a surface 11.0.3 Field emitters 11.0.4 Plasma electron sources 11.0.5 Photoelectric electron emission 11.1 Thermionic electron gun References 12 Positive ion sources 12.1 RF-ion sources 12.2 Penning ion sources 12.3 Duoplasmatron ion sources Reference 13 Negative ion formation processes and sources 13.1 Negative ion formation 13.1.1 Direct extraction from gaseous plasma 13.1.2 Negative-ion formation through charge exchange 13.1.3 Sputter-ion sources as a source of negative ions Reference 14 Equipment for beam diagnostics 14.1 Measurement of the beam current 14.2 Monitoring the beam diameter and position 14.3 Beam profile monitors 14.4 Beam stoppers and safety equipment Reference 15 Charged particle optics and beam transport 15.1 Specification of the ion beam 15.1.1 Beam currents, fluxes and fluence 15.2 Charge particle beam optics and beam transport characteristics for different types of end-station beam-lines 15.3 Accelerator ion optics 15.3.1 Particle acceleration and the Lorentz equation 15.3.2 The drift section 15.3.3 Electrostatic acceleration 15.3.4 Electrostatic deflection 15.3.5 Magnetic dipole 15.3.6 Magnetic quadrupoles References 16 Radiation protection at an accelerator laboratory 16.1 Types of radiation 16.1.1 Interactions of accelerator-induced radiation with matter 16.2 Radiation dosimetry 16.3 Detecting ionising radiation Reference 17 Computer control of accelerators 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Distributed intelligence 17.2.1 Graphic user interface (GUI) design 17.2.2 Interlock design 17.4 Obsolescence considerations
17.4.1 Control system security References 18 Vacuum technology for electrostatic accelerators 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic high vacuum technology 18.3 Kinetic theory and gas flow in vacuum systems 18.3.1 Differential pumping 18.4 Vacuum components 18.4.1 Vacuum pumps 18.4.2 Roughing and backing pumps 18.4.3 Vacuum valves 18.4.4 Vacuum meters 18.5 Vacuum fittings and materials 18.5.1 Vacuum fittings 18.5.2 Materials 18.6 Accelerator vacuum systems 18.6.1 Troubleshooting accelerator vacuum systems References 19 Environmental and safety aspects of electrostatic accelerators 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Building environmental aspects 19.2.1 Electrical supply 19.2.2 Ventilation 19.2.3 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 19.2.4 Other services 19.3 Environmental effects on electrostatic accelerators 19.3.1 Ground vibrations 19.3.2 Earthquakes 19.3.3 Magnetic fields 19.3.4 Flooding 19.3.5 Radiation shielding of the accelerator laboratory 19.3.6 Chemical environment References 20 Applications of electrostatic accelerators 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Atomic and nuclear reactions 20.3 Charged particle beam modification of materials 20.3.1 Basic interactions 20.3.2 Electron irradiation 20.3.3 Ion beam modification of materials 20.4 Ion beam analysis methods 20.4.1 MeV ion microprobes 20.4.2 Ion beam analytical methods 20.5 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 20.5.1 Ion sources 20.5.2 Detectors 20.5.3 Gas ionisation detectors 20.5.4 Semiconductor detectors 20.5.5 Time-of-flight detectors 20.5.6 Gas-filled magnets
20.5.7 x-ray detectors References Appendix SI units and other units 編輯手記
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