目錄
Preface
PART Ⅰ: Basic Notions
1 Defining Pragmatics
1.1 Preliminaries
1.1.1 A look at history
1.1.2 The importance of being a user
1.2 Pragmatics: Definition and Delimitation
1.2.1 A definition
1.2.2 Component, perspective or function?
1.2.2.1 Component vs. perspective
1.2.2.2 Function
1.3 What Use is Pragmatics?
1.3.1 Theory and practice
1.3.2 Uses and aims
1.3.2.1 Why do we need pragmatics?
1.3.2.2 The aims of pragmatics
2 Some Issues in Pragmatics
2.1 The Pragmatic Waste-basket
2.2 Linguists Without Borders
2.3 Philosophers, Ordinary People and Ordinary Language
2.4 Of Cats and Ducks
2.5 Linguistics and Reality: Presupposition
2.6 A World of Users
PART Ⅱ: Micropragmatics
3 Context, Implicature and Reference
3.1 Context
3.1.1 The dynamic context
3.1.2 Context and convention
3.2 Implicature
3.2.1 What is an implicature?
3.2.2 Implications and implicatures
3.2.3 Conversational implicature
3.2.4 Conventional implicature
3.3 Reference and Anaphora
3.3.1 On referring
3.3.2 Reference, indexicals and deictics
3.3.3 From deixis to anaphora
4 Pragmatic Principles
4.1 Principles and Rules
4.2 Some Principles Discussed
4.2.1 The Communicative Principle
4.2.2 The Cooperative Principle
4.2.2.1 Dostoyevski and the rubber ball
4.2.2.2 Cooperation and 『face』
4.2.2.3 Cooperation and 『flouting』
4.2.3 Politeness and other virtues
4.3 Rethinking Grice
4.3.1 Horn's two principles
4.3.2 Relevance and 'conspicuity'
5 Speech Acts
5.1 History and Introduction
5.1.1 Why speech acts?
5.1.2 Language in use
5.1.3 How speech acts function
5.2 Promises
5.2.1 A speech act's physiognomy: promising
5.2.1.1 Introduction: the problem
5.2.1.2 Promises: conditions and rules
5.2.1.3 The pragmatics of rules
5.3 Speech Act Verbs
5.3.1 The number of speech acts
5.3.2 Speech acts, speech act verbs and performativity
5.3.3 Speech acts without SAVs
5.4 Indirect Speech Acts
5.4.1 Recoguiaing indirect speech acts
5.4.2 The ten staps of Searle
5.4.3 The pragnatic view
5.5 Classifying Speech Acts
5.5.1 The illocuttonary verb fallacy
5.5.2 Searle's classification of speech acts
5.5.2.1 Representatives
5.5.2.2 Directives
5.5.2.3 Commissives
5.5.2.4 Expressives
5.5.2.5 Declarations
5.5.3 Austin and Searle
6 Conversation Analysis
6.1 Conversation and Context
6.2 From Speech Acts to Conversation
6.3 What Happens in Conversation?
6.3.1 How is conversation organized;
6.3.1.1 The beginnings of CA
6.3.1.2 Turns and turn-taking
6.3.1.3 Previewing TRPs
6.3.2 How does conversation mean?
6.3.2.1 Pre-sequences
6.3.2.2 Insertion sequences, 『smileys』 and repairs
6.3.2.3 Preference
6.3.3 From form to content
6.3.3.1 Cohesion and coherence
6.3.3.2 Adjacency pairs and content
6.3.3.3 Types and coherence
6.3.3.4 Conversation and speech acts
PART Ⅲ: Macropragmatics
7 Metapragmatics
7.1 Object Language and Metalanguage
7.2 Pragmatics and Metapragmatics
7.2.1 Three views of metapragmatics
7.2.2 I Metatheory
7.2.2.1 Rules
7.2.2.2 Principles and maxims: the case for 『economy』
7.2.3 Ⅱ Constraining conditions
7.2.3.1 General constraints
7.2.3.2 Presuppositions
7.2.3.3 Speech acts and discourse
7.2.3.4 Worlds and words
7.2.4 Ⅲ Indexing
7.2.4.1 Reflexivity and simple indexing
7.2.4.2 Invisible indexing and indexicality
8 Pragmatic Acts
8.1 What Are Pragmatic Acts All About?
8.2 Some Cases
8.3 Defining a Pragmatic Act
8.3.1 Co-opting, denying and the CIA
8.3.2 『Setting up』
8.3.3 Pragmatic acts and speech acts
8.3.4 Pragmatic acts and action theory
8.4 Pragmatic Acts in Context
8.4.1 The common scene
8.4.2 Situated speech acts
8.4.3 Pragmatic acts and body moves
8.4.4 Pragmatic acts as social empowerment
9 Literary Pragmatics
9.1 Introduction: Author and Reader
9.2 Author and Narrator
9.3 Textual Mechanisms
9.3.1 Reference
9.3.2 Tense
9.3.3 Discourse
9.4 Voice and 『Point of View』
9.5 Reading as a Pragmatic Act
10 Pragmatics Across Cultures
10.1 Introduction: What Is the Problem?
10.2 Pragmatic Presuppositions in Culture
10.3 Ethnocentricity and its Discontents
10.4 Cases in Point
10.4.1 Politeness and conversation
10.4.2 Cooperation and conversation
10.4.3 Addressivity
10.4.3.1 Forms of address
10.4.3.2 Social deixis
10.4.4 Speech acts across cultures: the voice of silence
11 Social Aspects of Pragmatics
11.1 Linguistics and Society
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Language in education
11.1.2.1 Who's (not) afraid of the Big Bad Test?
11.1.2.2 A matter of privilege
11.1.3 The language of the media
11.1.4 Medical language
11.2 Wording the World
11.2.1 Metaphors and other dangerous objects
11.2.2 The pragmatics of metaphoring
11.3 Pragmatics and the Social Struggle
11.3.1 Language and manipulation
11.3.2 Emancipatory language
11.3.3 Language and gender
11.3.4 Critical pragmatics
11.3.4.1 What is 『critical』?
11.3.4.2 『Critical pragmatics』: the Lancaster School
11.3.4.3 Power and naturalization
11.4 Conclusion
Epilogue: Of Silence and Comets
Notes
References
Subject Index
Name Index
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