目錄
1 Introduction
1.1 What is BC and OC?
1.2 Why Concern: What are the effects on health, air quality and climate of BC/OC?
1.3 The Overvlew of the ChiNorBC-Project
2 Review on BC/OC Emission Inventories
2.1 BC/OC Emission Inventories
2.1.1 Approaches to Establishing Air Pollutant Emission Inventories
2.1.2 Global emissions
2.1.3 Regional Emissions
2.1.4 China Emissions
2.1.5 Mobile Sources
2.1.6 Residential Sector
2.2 BC/OC Emission Factors in Key Sectors
2.2.1 Houschold Coal
2.2.2 Mobile Sources
2.3 Activity Data for Key Sectors and Other Sectors
2.3.1 Household Coal
2.3.2 Mobile Sources
3 Impact Assessment of BC/OC on Air Quality and Climate Change
3.1 BC/OC Research Status and Knowledge in Climate Impact
3.2 BC/OC Pollution Status in Concerned Regions in China
3.3 Impact Evaluation Methodology
3.3.1 BC/OC Impact Evaluation in the Project
3.3.2 Evaluation Methods
3.4 Regional Alr Quality Simulation Over Northern China
3.4.1 Summary of Regional Air Quality Simulation Research Activities
3.4.2 Model Evaluation and the Common Problems
3.4.3 Status of BC/OC Simulation
4 Human Health Effect of BC in Air Pollution
4.1 Health Effects in Epidemiological Studies
4.1.1 Systematic Analysis
4.1.2 Short-term Health Effects
4.1.3 Long-term Health Effects
4.2 Experimental Studies
4.2.1 The Formation of BC and Toxicity
4.2.2 Animal Experiments
4.2.3 Human Clinical Studies
4.3 Good Practice Statement About Carbonaceous Aerosol in WHO AQGs
5 Review of China's Status on BC/OC Control
5.1 Strengthening Environmental and Climate Regulation and Institutional Arrangement
5.1.1 Improving Legal Framework for Improving Air Quality
5.1.2 Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Action in China
5.1.3 Standards and Action Plans on Air Quality Improvement
5.1.4 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plans
5.2 Sector Specific Plans, Policies, and Regulations in China
5.2.1 Upgrading Industrial Standards and Companies
5.2.2 Industrial Restructuring
5.2.3 Optimizing Energy Structure
5.2.4 Pollution Control of "Fuel, Road, Vehicle"
5.2.5 Treatment of Non-Point Source Pollution
5.2.6 Gaps and Needs to Optimise Policy Making
5.3 Highlights for Emission, Impact, and Control Policy for BC/OC
6 Review of Norway's Status on BC/OC Control
6.1 Scope
6.2 Introduction to Norwegian Emissions of BC/OC
6.3 Introduction to Norwegian Policies and Regulations
6.3.1 Air Quality
6.3.2 Climate Change
6.4 Sector Specific Plans, Policies, and Regulations in Norway
6.4.1 Transport
6.4.2 Residential
6.4.3 Industry
6.4.4 Agriculture
6.4.5 Wildfires
6.5 Methodology for Emission Inventories Development and Reporting
6.5.1 Air pollution
6.5.2 Climate
6.5.3 Verification of Emission Inventories
6.5.4 Uncertainties
6.6 Integrated Analysis of Climate and Air Pollution
6.7 Health Effects
6.8 Effectiveness of Policies
6.8.1 Emission Trends and Projections
6.8.2 Health Impact Trends
7 How to Reduce BC/0C Emission in China in the Future
7.1 Air Pollution in Northern China
7.1.1 Overall Air Quality Sees Improvement
7.1.2 Air Pollution Remains Challenging
7.2 Review of Major Relevant Polices on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
7.2.1 Elimination of Small Coal-fired Boilers
7.2.2 Residential Clean Heating
7.2.3 Prevention and Control of Mobile Source Pollution
References
Annex
Annex Ⅰ: Emission related
Annex Ⅱ: List of Air Pollutant Emission Standards from 2013 to 2020
Annex Ⅲ: EU Policies and Regulations Relevant for Black Carbon Mitigation
Annex Ⅳ: Fine scale emission models for BC and PM in Norway
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