Part Ⅰ Transparent Materials 1 Introduction References 2 Transparent Sand of Silica Gel 2.1 Static Properties of Silica Gel 2.2 Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel 2.2.1 Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation 2.2.2 Shear Modulus of Silica Gel 2.2.3 Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay, Sand and Gravel 2.2.4 Damping Ratio of Silica Gel 2.3 Summary and Conclusions References 3 Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Static Properties of Fused Quartz 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.2 Stress-Strain Curves of Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 3.2.3 Shear Strength 3.2.4 Pore Pressure 3.2.5 Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different Pore Fluid 3.3.1 Fused Quartz and Pore Fluid 3.3.2 Experimental Program 3.3.3 Testing Results 3.3.4 Critical State Line 3.3.5 Duncan-Chang Model for Transparent Soils 3.3.6 Summary 3.4 Dynamic Properties for Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 3.4.1 Experiment 3.4.2 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Fused Quartz 3.5 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Transparent Soils with Different Pore Fluids 3.5.1 Pore Fluids 3.5.2 Testing Methods 3.5.3 Shear Modulus Influenced by Pore Fluids 3.5.4 Damping Ratios Influenced by Pore Fluids 3.6 Cyclic Undrained Behavior and Liquefaction Resistance of Transparent Sand Made of Fused Quartz 3.6.1 Testing Methods 3.6.2 Results and Analysis 3.7 Summary References 4 Transparent Clay of Carbopol U10 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Manufacture Process 4.2.1 Raw Materials 4.2.2 Manufacture Processes 4.3 Optical Properties of Synthetic Clay 4.3.1 Transparency Analysis 4.3.2 Speckle Pattern 4.4 Geotechnical Properties of Synthetic Clay
4.4.1 Shear Strength 4.4.2 Consolidation 4.4.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 4.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 4.5 Discussions and Conclusions References 5 Transparent Rock 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Testing Methodology 5.2.1 Materials and Specimens 5.2.2 Test Facilities and Processes 5.3 Experimental Results and Discussions 5.3.1 Uniaxial Compression Test 5.3.2 Brazilian Tensile Test 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Pore Fluid 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Low Viscosity Pore Fluid 6.2.1 Temperature Variation of the Viscosity and Refractive Index of the Potential Solvents 6.2.2 Determination of the Matching Refractive Index of the Matching Pore Fluid 6.2.3 Investigation on the Interaction Between the Pore Fluid and the Latex Membrane 6.3 New Pore Fluid to Manufacture Transparent Soil 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Pore Fluids Tested 6.3.3 Apparatus and Procedures 6.3.4 Results and Discussions 6.4 Summary and Conclusions References Part Ⅱ Transparent Soil Imaging and Image Processing 7 Laser Speckle Effect 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Laser Speckle Field 7.3 Digital Image of Laser Speckle References 8 2D Transparent Soil Imaging and Digital Image Cross-Correlation 8.1 2D Transparent Soil Model and Imaging 8.2 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 8.3 Main Error Sources in 2D-DIC Measurement 8.4 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 8.5 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Displacement by DIC 8.5.1 Experimental Program 8.5.2 Influences of Different Sized Fused Quartz on Displacement Measurement 8.5.3 Selecting the Query Window Based on Average Gray Gradient 8.5.4 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Query Window Size in DIC 8.5.5 Translation Test 8.6 Summary References 9 Camera Calibration Based on Neural Network Method 9.1 Camera Calibration
9.2 Neural Network Calibration Method 9.3 Angle Error Analysis 9.4 Application in DIC and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 9.5 Summary and Conclusions References 10 Three-Dimensional Transparent Soil Imaging and Processing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Transparent Soil Model and Testing Set Up 10.3 Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device and Experimental Setup 10.4 Optimized Particle Image Velocimetry Image Processing Algorithm 10.5 The Calibration Tests 10.5.1 The Calibration Tests of Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device 10.5.2 The Accuracy of the Optimized Image Processing Algorithm 10.6 Modified 3D Reconstruction Method 10.7 Application to Jacked-Pile Penetration 10.7.1 Comparison of the Displacement Pattern Between Flat-Ended Pile and Cone-Ended Pile 10.7.2 Deformation Behaviour During Continuous Penetration 10.8 Summary and Conclusions References Part Ⅲ Application of Transparent Soil Modelling in Geotechnicai Engineering 11 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Investigate Pile Foundation 11.1 Visualization Model Test on Construction Process of Tapered Pile Driving and Pile Base Grouting in Transparent Soil 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 Construction Process In-Situ 11.1.3 Model Description 11.1.4 Results Analysis and Discussion 11.1.5 Modeling Limitations 11.1.6 Conclusions 11.2 Visualization Model Test on Bearing Capacity of Pipe Pile Under Oblique Pulling Load 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Model Test Description 11.2.3 Results and Discussions 11.2.4 Conclusions 11.3 Soil Plugging Effects in Pipe Pile 11.3.1 Introduction 11.3.2 Laboratory Tests 11.3.3 Test Results and Analysis 11.3.4 Conclusion 11.4 Pile-Soil-Cap Interaction Investigation 11.4.1 Introduction 11.4.2 Experimental Program 11.4.3 Testing Results and Analysis 11.4.4 Summary and Conclusions 11.5 Model Tests of Jacked-Pile Penetration into Sand Using Transparent Soil and Incremental Particle Image Velocimetry 11.5.1 Introduction 11.5.2 Experimental Methodology 11.5.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 11.5.4 Summary and Conclusions 11.6 Visualization of Bulging Development of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Column 11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 Experimental Description 11.6.3 Results and Discussion 11.6.4 Conclusions Appendix: Theoretical Predicted References 12 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Grouting 12.1 Modeling of Grout Propagation in Transparent Replica of Rock Fractures 12.1.1 Introduction 12.1.2 Materials 12.1.3 Experimental Set Up and Procedure 12.1.4 Results and Analysis 12.1.5 Conclusions 12.2 Modeling of Chemical Grout Column Permeated by Water in Transparent Soil 12.2.1 Introduction 12.2.2 Materials 12.2.3 Physical Modeling Experiments 12.2.4 Transparent Soil Model Results 12.2.5 3D FEM Model 12.2.6 Limitations and Discussion 12.2.7 Conclusions References 13 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Rapid Penetration of Objects 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Experimental Program 13.2.1 Projectile Accelerator and Projectile 13.2.2 Transparent Soil Model 13.2.3 Penetration Depth Measurement 13.3 Experimental Results 13.3.1 Penetration into Dry Fused Quartz Sand 13.3.2 Penetration into Transparent Soil (Fully Saturated) 13.4 Visualization of the Penetration Event 13.5 Discussions 13.5.1 Penetration Depth Scaling 13.5.2 Collision Duration tc 13.5.3 Peak Acceleration 13.5.4 Kinetic Energy 13.6 Summary and Conclusions References
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