Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 1.3 Research Significance and Motivation of the Study 1.4 Potential Contributions of the Study 1.5 Summary Chapter 2 The Phenomenon of Sight Translation 2.1 The Definition of Sight Translation 2.2 Sight Translation in Practice and Education 2.3 Sight Translation and Cognitive Effort 2.4 Summary Chapter 3 Situating the Study in the Literature 3.1 Directionality 3.1.1 Arguments on Directionality 3.1.2 EmpLdcal Studies on Directionality 3.2 The Cognitive Effort in Translation and Interpreting 3.2.1 Processing Time Measuremem 3.2.2 The Keystroke-Logging Method 3.2.3 The Eye-Tracking Method 3.2.4 The Cognitive Effort m the "Black Box" 3.3 Competence in Translation and Interpreting Studies 3.4 Text Complexity 3.5 Summary Chapter 4 Theoretical Framework 4.1 Language Processing in the Bilingual Brain 4.1.1 The Three-Store Hypothesis 4.1.2 The Subsystems Hypothesis 4.2 Translation/Interpreting Asymmetry 4.2.1 The Revised Hierarchical Model 4.2.2 The Activation Threshold Hypothesis 4.3 The Interpreter Advantage Hypothesis 4.4 Text Complexity and Cognitive Effort 4.5 Theoretical Assumptions 4.6 Summary Chapter 5 The Neuroimaging Technology 5.1 The Development of Neuroimaging Technology 5.2 Introduction to fNIRS 5.3 fNIRS in Language Processing Research 5.3.1 Language Comprehension 5.3.2 Overt Reading 5.3.3 Speech Production 5.4 Using fNIRS in the Present Study 5.5 Summary Chapter 6 A Pilot Study 6.1 Participants 6.2 Materials 6.3 Tasks 6.4 Data Acquisition 6.5 Data Analysis 6.6 Results
6.7 Discussion Chapter 7 Methods 7.1 Research Design 7.2 Participants 7.2.1 Participant Recruitment 7.2.2 Second Language Proficiency Test 7.2.3 Pre-experiment Survey 7.2.4 Working Memory Span Test 7.2.5 The Selected Participants 7.2.6 Ethical Issues 7.3 Materials 7.3.1 Grade Level 7.3.2 Sentence Structm'e 7.3.3 Word Count 7.3.4 Word Frequency ?.3.5 Notional Word Density 7.3.6 Pronoun Density 7.3.7 Translatability 7.3.8 The Distinction Between Sentences of Low and High Complexity 7.4 Brain Areas of interest 7.4.1 Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex 7.4.2 Broca's Area 7.4.3 Wemicke's Area 7.4.4 Inferior Parietal Lobule 7.5 Experiment Procedure 7.6 Data Collection 7.6.1 Behavioural Data Collection 7.6.2 fNIRS Data Collection 7.7 Data Preprocessing 7.7.1 Behavioural Data Preprocessing 7.7.2 fNIRS Data Preprocessing 7.8 Data Analysis 7.8.1 The Statistical Terms in the Present Study 7.8.2 Behavioural Data Analysis 7.8.3 fNIRS Data Analysis 7.9 Summary Chapter 8 Results 8.1 Behaviourat Results 8.1.1 The Main Effect 8.1.2 The Interaction Effect 8.2 Neuroimaging Results 8.2.1 The Main Effect 8.2.2 The Interaction Effect 8.3 Results from the Post-experiment Survey 8.4 Summary Chapter 9 Discussion 9.1 Directionality and Behavioural Performance 9.2 Directionality and Cognitive Effort 9.3 Directionality, Interpreting Experience and Text Complexity 9.4 Summary
Chapter 10 Conclusion 10.1 Final Conclusions 10.2 Implications 10.2.1 Theoretical Implication 10.2.2 Methodological Implication 10.2.3 Pedagogical and Practical Implication 10.3 Limitations and Perspective for Future Work 10.4 Summary References Appendices Appendix 1 English Proficiency Test Appendix 2 Personal and Language Background Questionnaire Appendix 3 Reading Span Test Appendix 4 Informed Content Appendix 5 Chinese and English Texts Used in the Experiment Appendix 6 Post-experiment Survey Appendix 7 The 3D MNI Coordinates of the 68 Channels and the Corresponding Brain Area Index
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