LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Contrastive Linguistics? 1.1.1 The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics 1.1.1.1 Linguistics 1.1.1.2 Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis) 1.1.2 Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics 1.2 Why Contrastive Linguistics? 1.2.1 The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics 1.2.2 The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics 1.3 The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics Questions for Discussion and Research CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 2.1 Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA) 2.1.1 The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer 2.1.2 The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 2.1.3 The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis 2.2 Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis 2.3 Criteria for Comparison 2.3.1 The Surface Structure (SS) 2.3.2 The Deep Structure (DS) 2.3.3 Translation Equivalence 2.4 Procedures of ContrastiveAnalysis Questions for Discussion and Research CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 3.1 Phonetics and Phonology 3.2 Contrastive Phonetics 3.2.1 Articulatory Phonetics 3.2.1.1 Vocal organs (articulators) and the dynamics of voice production 3.2.1.2 The modulation of speech sounds 3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics 3.2.2.1 Frequency 3.2.2.2 Amplitude of vibration 3.2.2.3 Timbre 3.2.3 Auditory Phonetics 3.3 Contrastive Phonology 3.3.1 Phonological ContrastiveAnalysis 3.3.1.1 The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages 3.3.1.2 Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences 3.3.1.3 The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages 3.3.2 Two Phonological Models 3.3.2.1 The taxonomic or structural phonology 3.3.2.2 Generative phonology 3.4 Suprasegmental ContrastiveAnalysis 3.4.1 The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch 3.4.1.1 Tone 3.4.1.2 Intonation 3.4.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture Questions for Discussion and Research
CHAPTER 4 LEXlCAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 4.1 Contrastive Lexical Morphology 4.1.1 Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional Morphology 4.1.2 Morpheme 4.1.2.1 Free morpheme 4.1.2.2 Bound morpheme 4.1.2.2.1 Affix 4.1.2.2.2 Combining form 4.1.2.3 Stem (base morpheme) and root 4.1.3 A Comparison of the Makeup of English and Chinese Word Stock 4.2 Contrastive Lexical Semantics 4.2.1 The Motivation (Internal Form) of Words 4.2.1.1 Phonetic motivation 4.2.1.2 Graphemic motivation 4.2.1.3 Morphological motivation 4.2.1.4 Semantic motivation 4.2.1.5 A contrastive analysis of the morphological motivation of English, German, and Chinese words 4.2.2 Sense Relationships 4.2.2.1 Syntagmatic semantic relationship: Collocation.. 4.2.2.2 Paradigmatic semantic relationships 4.2.2.2.1 Synonymy 4.2.2.2.2 Antonymy 4.2.2.2.3 Hyponymy 4.2.2.2.4 Incompatibility 4.2.2.3 Lexical fields and lexical gaps 4.2.3 Semantic Features 4.3 Three Active Areas 4.3.1 Anthropology 4.3.2 Translation 4.3.3 Bilingual Lexicography Questions for Discussion and Research CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 5.1 The Concept of Grammar 5.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology 5.2.1 Grammatical Categories 5.2.1.1 Aspect 5.2.1.2 Case 5.2.1.3 Gender 5.2.1.4 Mood 5.2.1.5 Number 5.2.1.6 Person 5.2.1.7 Tense 5.2.1.8 Voice 5.2.2 A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English Case Systems 5.3 Syntactic ContrastiveAnalysis 5.3.1 The Structural Approach (Surface-structure Contrasts) 5.3.2 The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach 5.3.3 The Generative Approaches 5.3.3.1 The Transformational Grammarian approach (For deep-structure contrasts) 5.3.3.2 The Case Grammarian approach (For deeper-structure contrasts)
Questions for Discussion and Research CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 6.1 Text and Discourse 6.2 The Defining Characteristics of the Text 6.3 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion 6.3.1 Semantic Cohesion 6.3.1.1 Reference 6.3.1.2 Substitution 6.3.1.3 Ellipsis 6.3.1.4 Conjunction 6.3.1.5 Lexical relationships ("lexical cohesion") 6.3.2 Structural Cohesion 6.3.2.1 Parallelism 6.3.2.2 Comparison 6.3.2.3 Information structure 6.3.2.3.1 Theme and Rheme 6.3.2.3.2 Functiona/ Sentence Perspective (FSP). 6.3.2.3.3 Topic and Comment 6.3.3 Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices 6.4 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence Questions for Discussion and Research CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 7.1 Speech Act Theory 7.1.1 Speech Acts 7.1.1.1 Performatives and constatives 7.1.1.2 Three kinds of speech acts 7.1.1.3 Five basic types of illocutionary acts 7.1.2 Felicity Conditions 7.2 Conversational Interaction 7.2.1 The Structural Components of Conversation 7.2.1.1 Openings 7.2.1.2 The maintaining of a conversation 7.2.1.3 Closings 7.2.2 Principles of Conversational Organization 7.2.2.1 The Cooperative Principle (Be Clear) 7.2.2.1.1 Conversational maxims 7.2.2.1.2 Conversational implicature 7.2.2.2 The Rules of Politeness (Be Polite) 7.2.2.2.1 Rule 1: Don't impose on your hearer 7.2.2.2.2 Rule 2: Give the hearer options 7.2.2.2. 3 Rule 3: Make the hearer feel good: Be friendly Questions for Discussion and Research REFERENCES INDEX
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