目錄
1 Overview
1.1 Geological Investigation and Soil Tests
1.2 Conditions of Ground and the Adjacent Properties
1.3 Design Criteria
1.4 Types of Excavation Support Systems
1.5 Auxiliary Methods and Protection of Neighboring Properties
1.6 Instrumentations and Monitoring System
1.7 Organization of this Book
2 Basal Heave Stability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Factors of Safety
2.3 Review of the Limit Equilibrium Method
2.4 Review of Upper Bound Method
2.4.1 Basic Theory
2.4.2 Upper Bound Method for the Terzaghi and Prandtl Failure Model
2.4.3 Multi-block Upper Bound Method
2.5 Deterministic and Reliability Analysis of Basal Heave Stability for Excavation in Spatial Variable Soils
2.5.1 Shear Strength Reduction Technique
2.5.2 Numerical Schemes
2.5.3 Simulation Results
2.5.4 Reliability Analysis
2.5.5 Summary
2.6 Evaluation of Basal Heave Stability of Braced Excavations in Anisotropic Clay
2.6.1 Soil Anisotropic Constitutive Model
2.6.2 Numerical Modeling
2.6.3 Computed Results and Analyses
2.6.4 Estimation of FS
2.6.5 Validation of the Predictive Model
2.6.6 Summary
References
3 Lateral Earth Pressure and Strut Forces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Review of Conventional Earth Pressure Theory
3.2.1 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
3.2.2 Rankine's Earth Pressure Theory
3.2.3 Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory
3.2.4 Comparison and Summary
3.3 APD for Different Soils and Retaining Systems
3.3.1 ADP Determination for Braced Excavation in Clays
3.3.2 ADP Determination for Braced Excavation in Sands
3.3.3 Summary and Conclusions
3.4 ADP for Braced Excavation in Anisotropic Clay
3.4.1 Finite-Element Modeling
3.4.2 Results and Analyses
3.4.3 Summary and Conclusions
References
4 Retaining Wall Deflection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Triggering Factors
4.2.1 Excavation in Front of the Wall
4.3 Wall Deflections Induced by Deep Braced Excavation
4.3.1 Empirical Methods
4.3.2 Finite Element Method
4.3.3 Beam on Elastic Foundation Method
4.4 Surrogate Models for Maximum Retaining Wall Deflections
4.4.1 A Simple Ptediction Model (2D)
4.4.2 A Simple Prediction Model (3D)
4.4.3 A Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS) Model
4.5 Predictive Models for Wall Deflection Profiles
4.5.1 Case Histories
4.5.2 MARS Modeling
4.5.3 Model Validations
4.6 Predictive Models for Wall Deflection Envelope
4.6.1 Numerical Modeling Results
4.6.2 MARS Surrogate Model
4.6.3 Case Validations
4.7 Estimation of Wall Deflections in Anisotropic Clays
4.7.1 Finite Element Modeling
4.7.2 Results and Analyses
4.7.3 Summary and Conclusions
References
5 Ground Settlements and Dewatering
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Relation Between δhm and δvm
5.3 Analysis of Ground Settlements
5.3.1 Peck' Method
5.3.2 Clough and O'Rourke's Method
5.3.3 Bowles' Method
5.3.4 Ou and Hsieh's Method
5.4 Dewatering Effect
5.4.1 Logarithm Regression (LR) Model
5.4.2 Artificial Neural Network Model
References
6 Probabilistic Analysis on Excavation Responses
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Reliability Analysis on Serviceability Limit State
6.2.1 Probability Density Determination
6.2.2 Statistical Information of Input Variables
6.2.3 Serviceability Criterion and Threshold(δhm/He)T
6.2.4 Reliability Assessment Methods: FORM and MCS
6.2.5 Developed FORM_PR and MCS_PR Frameworks
6.2.6 Probabilistic Analyses and Target Reliability Indices
6.3 Conclusions
References
7 One-Strut Failure Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 One-Strut Failure in Clay
7.2.1 Numerical Schemes
7.2.2 Analysis of Two Hypothetical Cases
7.3 One-Strut Failure in Sand
7.3.1 Numerical Schemes
7.3.2 Model Verification
7.3.3 Analysis Results
7.4 One Column Failure of Structure Above Excavation Pit
7.4.1 Case Details and Numerical Model
7.4.2 Analysis Results
7.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
8 Jet Grouting Slabs and Jet Grouting Piles
8.1 Inroduction
8.2 Effect of Jet Grouting Slabs (2D) on Braced Excavations
8.2.1 Case Study
8.2.2 Parametric Study
8.2.3 Summary
8.3 Effect of Jet Grouting Piles (3D) on Braced Excavations
8.3.1 Numerical Back Analysis
8.3.2 Parametric Analysis
8.3.3 Summary
References
9 Protection of Adjacent Infrastructures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Upper Slope
9.2.1 Numerical Scheme
9.2.2 Result and Analysis
9.2.3 Surrogate Models for Limit State Functions ...
9.2.4 Probabilistic Assessment of the Limit State Functions
9.2.5 Summary
9.3 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Piles ..
9.3.1 Numerical Modeling
9.3.2 Parameteric Analysis
9.3.3 Modification Factors and the Proposed Design Charts
9.3.4 Summary
9.4 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Tunnel
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Numerical Model and Validation
9.4.3 Simplified Model
9.4.4 Numerical Results and Analysis
9.4.5 Summary
9.5 Influence of Deep Braced Excavation on Adjacent Ground Structures
9.5.1 Numerical Modeling and Validation
9.5.2 Parametric Analyses
9.5.3 Optimization of Retaining System
9.5.4 Summary
References
10 Case Reports and Back Analysis
10.1 A Case Report of Excavations in BTG Residual Soils, Singapore
10.1.1 Subsurface Conditions
10.1.2 Excavation Support System Description
10.1.3 Construction Activities
10.1.4 Field Instrumentation
10.1.5 Field Observations
10.1.6 Comparison of Braced Excavation Responses
10.2 Back Analysis
10.2.1 MARS Back Analysis Models
10.2.2 FORM EXCEL Spreadsheet Method
References
11 Excavation Failure Cases and Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nicoll Highway Collapse, Singapore, 2004
11.2.1 Case Description
11.2.2 Lessons Learned
11.3 Xianghu Metro Station Collapse, Hangzhou, China, 2008
11.3.1 Case Analysis
11.3.2 Lessons Learned
11.4 Guangzhou Haizhu City Square Foundation Pit Collapse
11.4.1 Case Analysis
11.4.2 Lessons Learned
11.5 Shanghai Metro Line 4 Seepage Failure
11.5.1 Cause Analysis
11.5.2 Repair Plan
11.6 Excavation Collapse at 14th and H Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C
11.6.1 Case Analysis
11.6.2 Lesson Learned
11.7 Temporary Excavation System Collapse at Klang Valley in Peninsular Malaysia
11.7.1 Case Analysis and Lesson Learned
11.8 Shangcheng Road Station of Metro Line 9 Collapse, Shanghai
11.8.1 Case Analysis
11.8.2 Lesson Learned
11.9 Retaining Structure Failure, Nanchang, 2010
11.9.1 Failure of the Retaining Structure
11.9.2 Reasons for the Failure
11.9.3 Remedial Measures and Lessons Learned
11.10 Nanning Greenland Central Square Foundation Pit Collapse, 2019
11.10.1 Case Condition
11.10.2 Failure Discription
11.10.3 Cause Analysis
11.11 Other Cases
References
Appendix: Database of Propped and Anchored Deep Excavation
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