1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Significance 1.1.1 China's Emission Reduction Targets and Actions 1.1.2 The Development Status of Highway Tunnel Industry in China 1.1.3 Research Backgrounds of the Tunnel Emission Reduction 1.2 Research Status and Review 1.2.1 Research Progress on Carbon Emissions from Tunnels 1.2.2 LCA Framework for the Carbon Emissions of Tunnels 1.2.3 Research Progress on LCA Uncertainty 1.3 Existing Problems 1.4 Main Research Content References 2 Carbon Emission Quantification Theory and Modular LCAMethod 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Knowledge of Carbon Emissions 2.2.1 Greenhouse Gases 2.2.2 Carbon Exchange Pathway 2.3 Basic Methods for Quantifying Carbon Emissions 2.3.1 Direct Measurement Method 2.3.2 The Process Analysis Method 2.3.3 The Input-Output Method 2.3.4 The Hybrid Method 2.4 Overview of LCA 2.4.1 Objectives and Steps 2.4.2 Functional Unit and Reference Flow 2.4.3 Product System and Unit Process 2.4.4 System Boundary 2.4.5 Data Collection and Calculation 2.4.6 Environmental Effects and Assessment Methods 2.4.7 Main Features of LCA 2.5 Overview of Product Modularization 2.5.1 Concept of Modularization 2.5.2 Modular LCA Method 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Carbon Emission Prediction Method for Tunnel Construction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Method 3.2.1 Potential Factors Affecting Tunnel Construction Emissions 3.2.2 Overview of the Tunnels 3.2.3 Calculation Method for Tunnel Construction Emissions 3.2.4 Common Prediction Models 3.2.5 Data Analysis Method 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Carbon Emissions of Tunnel Construction 3.3.2 Factors Influencing Carbon Emissions from Tunnel Construction 3.3.3 Models Predicting Carbon Emissions from Tunnel Construction 3.4 Discussion 3.5 Conclusions References
4 A Modular Calculation Method for the Carbon Emissions of Highway Tunnel Construction Based on the Chinese Standard Quota 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods and Data 4.2.1 Goal and Scope 4.2.2 Inventory Analysis 4.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Settings for Material Transportation, Collection, and Processing 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Inventories of Input and Carbon Emissions for Primitives 4.3.2 Case Study 4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Highway Tunnel Construction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Uncertainty Analysis Method 5.2.1 Data Quality Indicator 5.2.2 Parameter Probability Distribution 5.2.3 Monte Carlo Simulation 5.2.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 5.2.5 Scenario Analysis 5.3 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions of Unit Engineering Quantity 5.3.1 Parameter Value 5.3.2 Sample Size 5.3.3 Uncertainty Analysis of Primitives' Carbon Emissions 5.3.4 Primitive Carbon Emission Fitting 5.4 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Lining Construction 5.4.1 Parameter Value 5.4.2 Model Uncertainty Analysis 5.4.3 Parameter Uncertainty Analysis 5.4.4 Analysis of Scenario Uncertainty 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Carbon Emission Transition of Highway Tunnel Construction 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods and Materials 6.2.1 Rock Mass Grades and Lining Designs 6.2.2 System Boundary 6.2.3 Inventory Data 6.2.4 Evaluation Indexes for Tunnel Emission Increment 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Carbon Emission Evaluation 6.3.2 Transition Path Analysis of the Tunnel Construction Emission 6.4 Conclusion
References 7 Influence of Tunnel Lining Design Parameters on Construction Carbon Emissions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Carbon Emission Variation Characteristics of Two-Lane Highway Tunnel Lining 7.2.1 Two-Lane Highway Tunnel Lining Design Specifications and Case Design Parameters 7.2.2 Typical Two-Lane Highway Tunnel Support Model 7.2.3 Effect of Change of Lining Design Parameters on Carbon Emissions of Two-Lane Tunnels 7.3 Changes in Carbon Emissions from Excavation and Support of Three-Lane Highway Tunnels 7.3.1 Carbon Emission Characteristics of Three-Lane Highway Tunnel Lining 7.3.2 A Calculation Model for Concrete Lining of a Three-Lane Tunnel 7.3.3 Influence of Changes in Lining Parameters of a Three-Lane Tunnel on Carbon Emissions 7.4 Discussion 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Carbon Emission Characteristics of Inclined Shaft Construction in Highway Tunnel 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Project Profile 8.3 Calculation Method and Inventory Data 8.4 Carbon Emission from Inclined Shaft Construction 8.4.1 Energy Carbon Emissions from Various Materials 8.4.2 Carbon Emissions from Construction Process 8.5 Effect of Inclined Shaft Length and Slope on Carbon Emission from Excavation and Slagging 8.5.1 Influencing Factors and Inventory Data 8.5.2 Influence of Inclined Shaft Slope on Carbon Emissions of Construction Machinery in Excavation Process 8.5.3 Effect of Slope of Inclined Shaft on Carbon Emissions from Slagging 8.5.4 Influence of Inclined Shaft Length on Carbon Emissions from Excavation and Slagging 8.6 Conclusion References
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