導讀 Thanks Acknowledgments Part One Introduction Observation as a learning tool Who is this book for? Why a book on observation? How the tasks are organised How to use the tasks A word of caution Part Two The tasks 1 The learner 1.1 Attending to the learner 1.2 Learner motivation 1.3 The learner as doer 1.4 Learner level 1.5 The learner as cultural being 2 Language 2.1 The teacher's meta-language 2.2 The language of questions 2.3 The language of feedback to error 2.4 Language echoes 2.5 Language as the negotiation of meaning 3 Learning 3.1 The learning environment 3.2 Checking learning 3.3 Learning and teaching compared 3.4 Learning aims 3.5 Lexis and learning 4 The lesson 4.1 Lesson planning 4.2 Openings and closures 4.3 Lesson phases and transitions 4.4 Grammar as lesson content 4.5 Lesson breakdowns 5 Teaching skills and strategies 5.1 Presenting 5.2 Eliciting: teacher prompts 5.3 Eliciting: teacher responses 5.4 Giving instructions 5.5 Managing error 6 Classroom management 6.1 Managing classroom communication 6.2 Managing pair and group work 6.3 Teaching and learning roles 6.4 Timing and pace 6.5 Classroom power 7 Materials and resources 7.1 The board as resource 7.2 The learner as resource
7.3 『Whole-learner' materials 7.4 Task analysis 7.5 Task design and evaluation Bibliography Task index Index
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