目錄
General Editors' Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I Testing as Validity
1 Language Testing Past and Present
1.1 The Cambridge Proficiency Examination 1913-1945: 『The Garden of Eden', 『the pre-scientific era'
1.2 Developments in the 1960s: the move towards a language-based examination
1.3 The 1975 and 1984 revisions: 'The Promised Land'?
2 The Nature of Test Validity
3 Before the Test Event: A Priori Validity Evidence
3.1 Theory-based validity
3.2 Context validity
4 After the Test Event: A Posteriori Validity Evidence
4.1 Scoring validity
4.2 Criterion-related validity
4.3 Consequential validity
Part 2 New Frameworks for Developing and Validating Tests of Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing
Introduction
5 Test Takers
5.1 Physical/physiological characteristics: making accommodations
5.2 Psychological characteristics: affective schemata
5.3 Experiential characteristics: familiarity
6 Context Validity in Action
6.1 Task setting
6.2 Task demands
6.3 Setting and test administration
7 Theory-based Validity in Action
7.1 Reading
7.2 Listening
7.3 Speaking
7.4 Writing
8 Response Formats
8.1 Techniques for testing reading comprehension
8.2 Techniques for testing listening comprehension
8.3 Techniques for testing speaking
8.4 Techniques for testing written production
9 Scoring Validity in Action
9.1 Scoring written production
9.2 Scoring speaking tests
9.3 Internal reliability of receptive tests
9.4 Scores, grading and post-exam validation procedures
10 External Validities in Action
10.1 Criterion-related validity
10.2 Consequential validity
Part 3 Generating Validity Evidence
Introduction
11 Research Methodologies for Exploring the Validity of a Test
11.1 An introductory note on research
11.2 A priori validation: investigating the specification of the construct and the operationalization of the test
11.3 Establishing context validity
11.4 Establishing theory-based validity evidence
11.5 Establishing scoring validity evidence
11.6 Establishing evidence on a posteriori validities
Part 4 Further Resources in Language Testing
12 Key Sources
12.1 Books
12.2 Journals
12.3 Professional associations
12.4 Principal testing conferences
12.5 Email lists and bulletin boards
12.6 Internet sites
12.7 Databases
12.8 Statistical packages
Postscript
References
Index
[