Preface 1 What Is Language? 1.1 The Significance of Language 1.2 What Is Language? 1.3 The Functions of Language 1.4 What Is a Language? 1.5 The Elements of Language Summary Exercises 2 Lexis 2.1 What Is a Word? 2.2 Where Do Words Come From? Summary Exercises 3 Semantics 3.1 The Function of Lexemes 3.2 The Meaning of Meaning 3.3 Semantic Range 3.4 The Definition of Semantic Range 3.5 Collocation and Idiom 3.6 Homonymy and Polysemy 3.7 The Human Element of Meaning 3.8 Pragmatics 3.9 Discourse Analysis Summary Exercises 4 Phonetics 4.1 The Organs of Speech 4.2 Consonants 4.3 Phonemic Notation 4.4 Vowels 4.5 Sounds in Sequence Summary Exercises 5 Phonology 5.1 Sound Systems of Languages 5.2 The Phoneme 5.3 Phonological Rules 5.4 The Phonology of English 5.5 The Phonology of Other Languages 5.6 Suprasegmental Features Summary Exercises 6 Morphology 6.1 The Composition of Words 6.2 Morphemes 6.3 Derivation and Inflection 6.4 Productivity and Word Formation 6.5 Problems of Morphological Analysis Summary
Exercises 7 Syntax 7.1 Syntax as Opposed to Morphology 7.2 Word Classes 7.3 Constituent Structure 7.4 Noam Chomsky 7.5 Syntactic Forms Summary Exercises 8 Regional Variation 8.1 Variations of Variations 8.2 Horizontal Definition of Dialect 8.3 Vertical Definition of Dialect 8.4 The Nature of Variation Summary Exercises 9 Social Variation 9.1 The Social Dimension 9.2 The Standard Language 9.3 The Urban Vanguard 9.4 Men and Women 9.5 Power and Solidarity 9.6 Registers and Diglossia 9.7 Taboo and Political Correctness 9.8 Slang Summary Exercises 10 Historical Linguistics 10.1 The Diachronic Dimension 10.2 How Language Changes 10.3 Why Language Changes 10.4 When Language Changes 10.5 Divergence 10.6 Convergence 10.7 Pidgins and Creoles Summary Exercises 11 The Languages of Western Europe 11.1 The Indo-European Family of Languages 11.2 The Germanic Languages 11.3 The Romance Languages 11.4 The Celtic Languages 11.5 Finnish Summary Texts Exercises 12 Writing Systems 12.1 Communication across Time and Space 12.2 Morphemic and Phonetic Script 12.3 Chinese Script-A Morphemic System
12.4 Roman Script-An Alphabetic System 12.5 Allographs Summary Exercises Glossary Guide to Exercises
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