目錄
PART 1 The Realm of Biochemistry
CHAPTER 1 The Scope of Biochemistry
Biochemistry and the Biological Revolution
The Roots of Biochemistry
Biochemistry as a Chemical Science
Biochemistry as a Biological Science
Biochemistry and the Information Explosion
PART 2 Molecular Architecture of Living Matter
CHAPTER 2 Nucleic Acids
The Nature of Nucleic Acids
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
Secondary and Tertiary Structure of Nucleic Acids
The Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids: A Preview of Molecular Biology
Plasticity of Secondary and Tertiary DNA Structure
Stability of Secondary and Tertiary Structure
CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Proteins: The Primary Level of Protein Structure
Amino Acids
Peptides and the Peptide Bond
Proteins: Polypeptides of Defined Sequence
From Gene to Protein
Protein Sequence Homology
CHAPTER 4 The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
Secondary Structure: Regular Ways to Fold the Polypeptide Chain
Fibrous Proteins: Structural Materials of Cells and Tissues
Globular Proteins: Tertiary Structure and Functional Diversity
Factors Determining Secondary and Tertiary Structure
Prediction of Secondary and Tertiary Protein Structure
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
CHAPTER 5 Protein Function and Evolution
Oxygen Transport: The Roles of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
The Mechanism of Oxygen Binding by Heme Proteins
Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin
Allosteric Effectors of Hemoglobin
Protein Evolution: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin as Examples
Hemoglobin Variants: Evolution in Progress
PART 3 Dynamics of Life: Catalysis and Metabolism
CHAPTER 6 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
The Role of Enzymes
Chemical Reaction Rates and the Effects of Catalysts: A Review
How Enzymes Act as Catalysts: Principles and Examples
Enzyme Inhibition
Cofactors, Vitamins, and Essential Metals
The Diversity of Enzymatic Function
Nonprotein Biocatalysts: Catalytic Nucleic Acids
The Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Allosteric Enzymes
Covalent Modifications Used to Regulate Enzyme Activity
CHAPTER 7 Chemical Logic of Metabolism
A First Look at Metabolism
Freeways on the Metabolic Road Map
Biochemical Reaction Types
Some Bioenergetic Considerations
Major Metabolic Control Mechanisms
CHAPTER 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Glycolysis: An Overview
Reactions of Glycolysis
Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate
Energy and Electron Balance Sheets
Gluconeogenesis
Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Entry of Other Sugars into the Glycolytic Pathway
Polysaccharide Metabolism
Glycogen Metabolism in Muscle and Liver
Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
Biosynthesis of Other Polysaccharides
A Biosynthetic Pathway That Oxidizes Glucose: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
CHAPTER 9 Citric Acid Cycle
Overview of Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate Oxidation: A Major Entry Route for Carbon into the Citric Acid Cycle
Coenzymes Involved in Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
Action of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
The Citric Acid Cycle
Stoichiometry and Energetics of the Citric Acid Cycle
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and the Citric Acid Cycle
CHAPTER 10 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Oxidative Phosphorylation
CHAPTER 11 Lipid MetabolismⅠ: Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, and Lipoproteins
Utilization and Transport of Fat and Cholesterol
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
CHAPTER 12 Interorgan and Intracellular Coordination of
Energy Metabolism in Vertebrates
Interdependence of the Major Organs in Vertebrate Fuel Metabolism
Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
Responses to Metabolic Stress: Starvation, Diabetes
CHAPTER 13 Lipid Metabolism Ⅱ: Membrane Lipids, Steroids, Isoprenoids, and Eicosanoids
Metabolism of Glycerophospholipids
Metabolism of Sphingolipids
Steroid Metabolism
Other Isoprenoid Compounds
Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes
CHAPTER 14 Metabolism of Nitrogenous CompoundsⅠ: Principles of Biosynthesis, Utilization, and Turnover
Utilization of Ammonia: Biogenesis of Organic Nitrogen
The Nitrogen Economy: Aspects of Amino Acid Synthesis and Degradation
Protein Turnover
Amino Acid Degradation and Metabolism of Nitrogenous End Products
Coenzymes Involved in Nitrogen Metabolism
CHAPTER 15 Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds Ⅱ: Amino Acids, Porphyrins, and Neurotransmitters
Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
Amino Acids as Biosynthetic Precursors
Porphyrin and Heme Metabolism
Amino Acids and Their Metabolites as Neurotransmitters and Biological Regulators
Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Methionine as the Source of Cysteine Sulfur in Animals
CHAPTER 16 Nucleotide Metabolism
Outlines of Pathways in Nucleotide Metabolism
De Novo Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides
Purine Degradation and Clinical Disorders of Purine Metabolism
Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Thymidylate Synthase: A Target Enzyme for Chemotherapy
Biological and Medical Importance of Other Nucleotide Analogs
CHAPTER 17 Mechanisms of Signal Transduction
An Overview of Hormone Action
Hierarchical Nature of Hormonal Control
Synthesis of Peptide Hormone Precursors
Signal Transduction: Receptors
Transducers: G Proteins
Effectors: Adenylate Cyclase
Second-Messenger Systems
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Steroid and Thyroid Hormones: Intracellular Receptors
Signal Transduction, Oncogenes, and Cancer
PART 4 Information
CHAPTER 18 Genes, Genomes, and Chromosomes
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes
Restriction and Modification
Determining Genome Nucleotide Sequences
Physical Organization of Genes: The Nucleus, Chromosomes, and Chromatin
CHAPTER 19 DNA Replication
Early Insights into DNA Replication
DNA Polymerases: Enzymes Catalyzing Polynucleotide Chain Elongation
Multiple DNA Polymerases
Other Proteins at the Replication Fork
Proteins in Eukaryotic DNA Replication
Replication of Chromatin
Initiation of DNA Replication
Replication of Linear Genomes
Fidelity of DNA Replication
RNA Viruses: The Replication of RNA Genomes
CHAPTER 20 DNA Restructuring: Repair, Recombination, Rearrangement, Amplification
DNA Repair
Mismatch Repair
Recombination
Gene Rearrangements
Gene Amplification
CHAPTER 21 Information Readout: Transcription and Post-transcriptional Processing
DNA as the Template for RNA Synthesis
Enzymology of RNA Synthesis: RNA Polymerase
Mechanism of Transcription
Transcription and Its Control in Eukaryotic Cells
Post-transcriptional Processing
CHAPTER 22 Information Decoding: Translation and Post-translational Protein Processing
An Overview of Translation
The Genetic Code
The Major Participants in Translation: mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes
Mechanism of Translation
Inhibition of Translation by Antibiotics
Translation in Eukaryotes
Rates and Energetics of Translation
The Final Stages in Protein Synthesis: Folding and Covalent Modification
Protein Targeting in Eukaryotes
CHAPTER 23 Regulation of Gene Expression
Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
DNA Methylation, Gene Silencing, and Epigenetics
Regulation of Translation
RNA Interference
RNA Editing
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