Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics 1.1 The multifaceted nature of language 1.2 Features of language 1.3 Functions of language 1.4 Types of language 1.4.1 Natural languages and artificial languages 1.4.2 Genetic classification of natural languages 1.4.3 Typological classification of natural languages 1.5 The evolution of language 1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language 1.6.1 Linguistics as a science 1.6.2 Branches of linguistics 1.6.3 Schools of linguistics 1.6.4 Features of modern linguistics Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds 2.1 The study of speech sounds 2.2 The sound-producing mechanism 2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds 2.3.1 Unit of representation 2.3.2 Phonetic symbols 2.4 Description of English consonants 2.5 Description of English vowels 2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes Chapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns 3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns 3.2 Phonemes and allophones 3.3 Discovering phonemes 3.3.1 Contrastive distribution 3.3.2 Complimentary distribution 3.3.3 Free variation 3.3.4 The discovery procedure 3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features 3.5 Phonological rules 3.6 Syllable structure 3.7 Sequence of phonemes 3.8 Suprasegmental features 3.8.1 Stress 3.8.2 Intonation 3.8.3 Tone 3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in English Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure 4.1 Word, lexeme and morphology 4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language 4.3 Root, base and stem 4.4 Classification of morphemes 4.4.1 Free and bound morphemes 4.4.2 Inflectional and derivational morphemes 4.5 Formation of English words 4.5.1 Derivation 4.5.2 Compounding
4.5.3 Other types of English word formation Chapter 5 Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure 5.1 Grammaticality 5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure 5.3 Different approaches to syntax 5.4 Transformational-generative grammar 5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar 5.4.2 Syntactic categories 5.4.3 Phrase structure rules 5.4.4 Tree diagrams 5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language 5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon 5.4.7 Transformational rules 5.5 Systemic-functional grammar 5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice 5.5.2 The three metafunctions 5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience 5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction. 5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning 6.1 The study of meaning 6.2 Reference and sense 6.2.1 Reference 6.2.2 Sense 6.3 Classification of lexical meanings 6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning 6.3.2 Types of associative meaning 6.4 Lexical sense relations 6.4.1 Synonymy 6.4.2 Antonymy 6.4.3 Homonymy 6.4.4 Polysemy 6.4.5 Hyponymy 6.4.6 Meronymy 6.5 Describing lexical meaning: componential ~nalysis 6.6 Words and concepts 6.6.1 Categorization 6.6.2 Prototypes 6.6.3 Hierarchies 6.7 Semantic relations of sentences 6.8 Metaphors 6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device 6.8.2 The components of metaphors 6.8.3 Features of metaphors 6.9 Metonymy 6.9.1 Conceptual metonymy 6.9.2 Types of metonymy 6.9.3 Relation between metaphor and metonymy Chapter 7 Pragmatics: The Analysis of Meaning in Context 7.1 Pragmatics: an overview
7.2 Deixis and reference 7.2.1 Person deixis 7.2.2 Place deixis 7.2.3 Time deixis 7.2.4 Discourse deixis 7.2.5 Social deixis 7.2.6 Deictic center 7.3 Speech acts 7.3.1 The constative-performative dichotomy 7.3.2 The trichotomy of speech acts 7.3.3 Taxonomy of speech acts 7.3.4 Indirect speech acts 7.4 Pragmatic presupposition 7.5 Cooperation and implicature 7.5.1 Grice's cooperative principle and the four maxims 7.5.2 Conversational implicature 7.5.3 Conversational implicature and inference 7.6 Politeness and the politeness principle 7.6.1 Politeness as a universal phenomenon 7.6.2 The politeness principle 7.6.3 Scales of politeness 7.6.4 Social variables in politeness 7.6.5 Cultural differences in politeness 7.7 Hedges 7.7.1 Classification of hedges 7.7.2 Pragmatic functions of hedges 7.8 The principle of relevance 7.9 Conversational structure Chapter 8 Text Analysis: Exploring Principles of Text Construction 8.1 Discourse and text 8.2 Cohesion and coherence 8.2.1 Grammatical cohesion 8.2.2 Lexical cohesion 8.2.3 Conjunction 8.3 Cohesive chains 8.4 Discourse markers 8.5 Clause relations 8.6 Basic textual patterns 8.7 Genre and text structure Chapter 9 Language and Society 9.1 Sociolinguistic study of language 9.2 Varieties of a language 9.3 Grades of formality 9.4 Languages in contact 9.5 Taboos and euphemisms 9.6 Communicative competence Chapter 10 Language and Culture 10.1 What is culture? 10.2 Characteristics of culture 10.3 How is language related to culture?
10.4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 10.5 Are linguistic meanings universal? 10.6 The ethnography of communication 10.7 Cultural aspect of language teaching and learning Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition 11.1 What is second language acquisition? 11.2 Factors affecting SLA 11.2.1 Social factors 11.2.2 Learner factors 11.3 Analyzing learners' language 11.3.1 Contrastive analysis 11.3.2 Error analysis 11.3.3 The study of interlanguage 11.4 Explaining second language acquisition 11.4.1 Mentalist explanation of SLA 11.4.2 Functionalist explanation of SLA 11.5 The role of output in SLA Chapter 12 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 12.1 Foreign language teaching as a system 12.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications 12.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design 12.4 Method as integration of theory and practice 12.5 Linguistics and language testing 12.6 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers References Key to Exercises An English-Chinese Glossary Appendix I The Indo-European Language Family Appendix II Families/Groups of Languages Appendix III 語言學學習方法舉要
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