List of the Most Important Symbols Used 1.Introduction 1.1 Classical Physics and Quantum Mechanics 1.2 Short Historical Review 2.The Mass and Size of the Atom 2.1 What is an Atom？ 2.2 Determination of the Mass 2.3 Methods for Determining Avogadro's Number 2.3.1 Electrolysis 2.3.2 The Gas Constant and Boltzmann's Constant 2.3.3 X—Ray Diffraction in Crystals 2.3.4 Determination Using Radioactive Decay 2.4 Determination of the Size of the Atom 2.4.1 Application of the Kinetic Theory of Gases 2.4.2 The Interaction Cross Section 2.4.3 Experimental Determination of Interaction Cross Sections 2.4.4 Determining the Atomic Size from the Covolume 2.4.5 Atomic Sizes from X—Ray Diffraction Measurements on Crystals 2.4.6 Can Individual Atoms Be Seen？ Problems 3.Isotopes 3.1 The Periodic System of the Elements 3.2 Mass Spectroscopy 3.2.1 Parabola Method 3.2.2 Improved Mass Spectrometers 3.2.3 Results of Mass Spectrometry 3.2.4 Modem Applications of the Mass Spectrometer 3.2.5 Isotope Separation Problems 4.The Nucleus of the Atom 4.1 Passage of Electrons Through Matter 4.2 Passage of Alpha Particles Through Matter （Rutherford Scattering） 4.2.1 Some Properties of Alpha Particles 4.2.2 Scattering of Alpha Particles by a Foil 4.2.3 Derivation of the Rutherford Scattering Formula 4.2.4 Experimental Results 4.2.5 What is Meant by Nuclear Radius？ Problems 5.The Photon 5.1 Wave Character of Light 5.2 Thermal Radiation 5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation 5.2.2 Planck's Radiation Formula 5.2.3 Einstein's Derivation of Planck's Formula 5.3 The Photoelectric Effect 5.4 The Compton Effect 5.4.1 Experiments 5.4.2 Derivation of the Compton Shift Problems 6.The Electron
6.1 Production of Free Electrons 6.2 Size of the Electron 6.3 The Charge of the Electron 6.4 The Specific Charge elm of the Electron 6.5 Wave Character of Electrons and Other Particles 6.6 Interferometry with Atoms Problems 7.Some Basic Properties of Matter Waves 7.1 Wave Packets 7.2 Probabilistic Interpretation 7.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation 7.4 The Energy—Time Uncertainty Relation 7.5 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Relations for Bound States Problems 8.Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom 8.1 Basic Principles of Spectroscopy 8.2 The Optical Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom 8.3 Bohr's Postulates 8.4 Some Quantitative Conclusions 8.5 Motion of the Nucleus 8.6 Spectra of Hydrogen—like Atoms 8.7 Muonic Atoms 8.8 Excitation of Quantum Jumps by Collisions 8.9 Sommerfeld's Extension of the Bohr Model and the Experimental Justification of a Second Quantum Number 8.10 Lifting of Orbital Degeneracy by the Relativistic Mass Change 8.11 Limits of the Bohr—Sommerfeld Theory.The Correspondence Principle 8.12 Rydberg Atoms 8.13 Exotic Atoms： Positronium， Muonium， and Antihydrogen Problems 9.The Mathematical Framework of Quantum Theory 9.1 The Particle in a Box 9.2 The Schrodinger Equation 9.3 The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Theory 9.3.1 Observations， Values of Measurements and Operators 9.3.2 Momentum Measurement and Momentum Probability 9.3.3 Average Values and Expectation Values 9.3.4 Operators and Expectation Values 9.3.5 Equations for Determining the Wavefunction 9.3.6 Simultaneous Observability and Commutation Relations 9.4 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator Problems 10.Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom 10.1 Motion in a Central Field 10.2 Angular Momentum Eigenfunctions 10.3 The Radial Wavefunctions in a Central Field* 10.4 The Radial Wavefunctions of Hydrogen Problems 11.Lifting of the Orbital Degeneracy in the Spectra of Alkali Atoms 11.1 Shell Structure
11.2 Screening 11.3 The Term Diagram 11.4 Inner Shells Problems 12.Orbital and Spin Magnetism.Fine Structure 12.1 Introduction and Overview 12.2 Magnetic Moment of the Orbital Motion 12.3 Precession and Orientation in a Magnetic Field 12.4 Spin and Magnetic Moment of the Electron 12.5 Determination of the Gyromagnetic Ratio by the Einstein—de Haas Method 12.6 Detection of Directional Quantisation by Stern and Gerlach 12.7 Fine Structure and Spin—Orbit Coupling： Overview 12.8 Calculation of Spin—Orbit Splitting in the Bohr Model 12.9 Level Scheme of the Alkali Atoms 12.10 Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Atom 12.11 The Lamb Shift Problems 13.Atoms in a Magnetic Field： Experiments and Their Semiclassical Description 13.1 Directional Quantisation in a Magnetic Field 13.2 Electron Spin Resonance 13.3 The Zeeman Effect 13.3.1 Experiments 13.3.2 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect from the Standpoint of Classical Electron Theory 13.3.3 Description of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect by the Vector Model 13.3.4 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect 13.3.5 Magnetic Moments with Spin—Orbit Coupling 13.4 The Paschen—Back Effect 13.5 Double Resonance and Optical Pumping Problems 14.Atoms in a Magnetic Field： Quantum Mechanical Treatment 14.1 Quantum Theory of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect 14.2 Quantum Theoretical Treatment of the Electron and Proton Spins 14.2.1 Spin as Angular Momentum 14.2.2 Spin Operators， Spin Matrices and Spin Wavefunctions 14.2.3 The Schrodinger Equation of a Spin in a Magnetic Field 14.2.4 Description of Spin Precession by Expectation Values 14.3 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Anomalous Zeeman Effect with Spin—Orbit Coupling* 14.4 Quantum Theory of a Spin in Mutually Perpendicular Magnetic Fields， One Constant and One Time Dependent 14.5 The Bloch Equations 14.6 The Relativistic Theory of the Electron.The Dirac Equation 14.7 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields* 14.7.1 Rydberg Atoms in Strong Fields 14.7.2 What is Chaos？ A Reminder of Classical Mechanics 14.7.3 Quantum Chaos 14.7.4 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields and in Low Quantum States Problems 15.Atoms in an Electric Field 15.1 Observations of the Stark Effect
15.2 Quantum Theory of the Linear and Quadratic Stark Effects 15.2.1 The Hamiltonian 15.2.2 The Quadratic Stark Effect. Perturbation Theory Without Degeneracy 15.2.3 The Linear Stark Effect. Perturbation Theory in the Presence of Degeneracy 15.3 The Interaction of a Two—Level Atom with a Coherent Radiation Field 15.4 Spin and Photon Echoes 15.5 A Glance at Quantum Electrodynamics 15.5.1 Field Quantization 15.5.2 Mass Renormalization and Lamb Shift 15.6 Atoms in Strong Electric Fields Problems 16.General Laws of Optieal Transitions 16.1 Symmetriesand Selection Rules 16.1.1 Optical Matrix Elements 16.1.2 Examples of the Symmetry Behaviour of Wavefunctions 16.1.3 Selection Rules 16.1.4 Selection Rules and Multipole Radiation 16.2 Linewidths and Lineshapes 17.Many—Electron Atoms 17.1 The Spectrum of the Helium Atom 17.2 Electron Repulsion and the Pauli Principle 17.3 Angular Momentum Coupling 17.3.1 Coupling Mechanism 17.3.2 LS Coupling （RusseU—Saunders Coupling） 17.3.3 jj Coupling 17.4 Magnetic Moments of Many—ElectronAtoms 17.5 Multiple Excitations Problems 18.X—Ray Spectra， Internal Shells 18.1 Introductory Remarks 18.2 X—Radiation from Outer Shells 18.3 X—Ray Bremsstrahlung Spectra 18.4 Emission Line Spectra： Characteristic Radiation 18.5 Fine Structure of the X—Ray Spectra 18.6 Absorption Spectra 18.7 The Auger Effect 18.8 Photoelectron Spectroscopy （XPS）， ESCA Problems 19.Structure of the Periodic System.Ground States of the Elements 19.1 Periodic System and Shell Structure 19.2 From the Electron Configuration to the Atomic Term Scheme.Atomic Ground States 19.3 Excited States of Atoms and Possible Electronic Configurations. Complete Term Schemes 19.4 The Many—Electron Problem.Hartree—Fock Method* 19.4.1 The Two—Electron Problem 19.4.2 Many Electrons Without Mutual Interactions
19.4.3 Coulomb Interaction of Electrons.Hartree and Hartree—Fock Methods Problems 20.Nuclear Spin， Hyperfine Structure 20.1 Influence of the Atomic Nucleus on Atomic Spectra 20.2 Spins and Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei 20.3 The Hyperfine Interaction 20.4 Hyperfine Structure in the Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom， the Sodium Atom， and the Hydrogen—like Ion 83Bi82+ 20.5 Hyperfine Structure in an External Magnetic Field， Electron Spin Resonance 20.6 Direct Measurements of Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments， Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 20.7 Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 20.8 The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment Problems 21.The Laser 21.1 Some Basic Concepts for the Laser 21.2 Rate Equations and Lasing Conditions 21.3 Amplitude and Phase of Laser Light Problems 22.Modern Methods of Optical Spectroscopy 22.1 Classical Methods 22.2 Quantum Beats 22.3 Doppler—free Saturation Spectroscopy 22.4 Doppler—free Two—Photon Absorption 22.5 Level—Crossing Spectroscopy and the Hanle Effect 22.6 Laser Cooling of Atoms 22.7 Nondestructive Single—Photon Detection— An Example of Atomic Physics in a Resonant Cavity Problems 23.Progress in Quantum Physics： A Deeper Understanding and New Applications 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Superposition Principle， Interference， Probabilily and Probability Amplitudes 23.3 Schrodinger's Cat 23.4 Decoherence 23.5 Entanglement 23.6 The Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen （EPR） Paradox 23.7 Bell's Inequalities and the Hidden—Variable Hypothesis 23.8 Experiments to Test Bell's Inequalities 23.9 Quantum Computers 23.9.1 Historical Remarks 23.9.2 Review of Digital Computers 23.9.3 Basic Concepts of the Quantum Computer 23.9.4 Decoherence and Error Correction 23.9.5 A Comparison Between the Quantum Computer and the Digital Computer 23.10 Quantum Information Theory 23.11 The Bose—Einstein Condensation 23.11.1 Review of Statistical Mechanics 23.11.2 The Experimental Discovery 23.11.3 The Quantum Theory of the Bose—Einstein Condensation
23.12 The Atom Laser Problems 24.Fundamentals of the Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding 24.1 Introductory Remarks 24.2 The Hydrogen—Molecule Ion H+2 24.3 The Tunnel Effect 24.4 The Hydrogen Molecule H2 24.5 Covalent—Ionic Resonance 24.6 The Hund—Mulliken—Bloch Theory of Bonding in Hydrogen 24.7 Hybridisation 24.8 The n Electrons of Benzene， C6H6 Problems Appendix A. The Dirac Delta Function and the Normalisation of the Wavefunction of a Free Particle in Unbounded Space B. Some Properties of the Hamiltonian Operator， Its Eigenfunctions and its Eigenvalues C. Derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation Solutions to the Problems Bibliography of Supplementary and Specialised Literature Subject Index Fundamental Constants of Atomic Physics （Inside Front Cover） Energy Conversion Table （Inside Back Cover）
[