Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is language？ 1.2 Design features of language 1.2. 1 Arbitrariness 1.2. 2 Duality 1.2. 3 Productivity 1.2. 4 Displacement 1.2. 5 Cultural transmission 1.3 Functions of language 1.3.1 Phatic function 1.3.2 Directive function 1.3.3 Informative function 1.3.4 Interrogative function 1.3.5 Expressive function 1.3.6 Evocative function 1.3.7 Performative function 1.4 What is linguistics？ 1.5 Main branches (scope) of linguistics 1.5.1 Phonetics 1.5.2 Phonology 1.5.3 Morphology 1.5.4 Syntax 1.5.5 Semantics 1.5.6 Pragmatics 1.6 Macrolinguistics 1.6. 1 Sociolinguistics 1.6. 2 Psycholinguistics 1.6. 3 Second language acquisition 1.6. 4 Linguistics and foreign language teaching 1.7 Some important distinctions in linguistics 1.7.1 Descriptive vs. prescriptive 1.7.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic 1.7.3 Langue and parole 1.7.4 Competence and performance Exercises Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology 2. 1 Phonetics 2. 1.1 What is phonetics？ 2. 1.2 Speech organs 2. 1.3 The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 2. 1.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2 Phonology 2.2. 1 Phonology & phonetics 2.2. 2 Phone， phoneme and allophone 2. 2. 3 Distinctive features 2. 2.4 Minimal pairs and sets 2. 2.5 Complementary distribution 2.2.6 Some rules in phonology 2.2.7 Supersegmental features Exercises
Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Classification of word 3.1.1 Open-class words vs. closed-class words 3.1.2 Variable vs. invariable words 3.1.3 Grammatical words vs. lexical words 3.2 Morphology 3.2. 1 Morpheme 3.2. 2 Morphs and allomorph 3.3 Morphological rules 3.4 Word formation 3.4. 1 Compounding 3.4. 2 Derivation 3.4. 3 Conversion 3.4. 4 Blending 3.4. 5 Clipping (Shortening or abbreviation) 3.4. 6 Acronym 3.4. 7 Back-formation 3.4. 8 Borrowing 3.4. 9 Coinage Exercises Chapter 4 Syntax 4. 1 The traditional approach 4. 1.1 Categories 4. 1.2 Concord and government 4. 1.3 Sentence and types of sentence 4.2 The structural approach 4.2. 1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 4. 2.2 Immediate constituent analysis (IC analysis) 4. 2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions 4. 3 The generative approach 4. 3.1 Phrase categories and their structures 4. 3.2 Phrase structural rules 4.3.3 Sentence rule 4. 3.4 Transformational rules (T-rules) 4. 4 The functional approach 4. 4. 1 Functional sentence perspective 4. 4. 2 Systemic-functional grammar Exercises Chapter 5 Semantics 5.1 What is semantics？ 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 5.2. 1 The naming theory 5.2.2 The conceptualist view 5.2. 3 Contextualism 5.2.4 Behaviorism 5.3 Lexical meaning 5.3.1 Sense & reference 5.3.2 Types of meaning 5.3.3 Major sense relations 5.4 Sense relations between sentences
5.4. 1 S1 is synonymous with S2 (S1 is equivalent to S2) 5.4. 2 S1 contradicts S2 (S1 is inconsistent with S2) 5.4. 3 S1 entails S2 ( S1 is an entailment of S2) 5.4. 4 S1 presupposes S2 (S1 is a prerequisite of S2) 5.4.5 S is a contradiction 5.4. 6 S is semantically anomalous 5.5 Componential analysis 5.6 Predication analysis 5.6. 1 Sentence meaning 5.6. 2 Predication analysis Exercises Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6. 1 Some basic notions 6. 1.1 What is pragmaties？ 6. 1.2 Context 6. 1.3 Pragmatics & semantics 6. 1.4 Sentence meaning and utterance meaning 6. 2 Speech act theory 6. 2. 1 Performatives and constatives 6. 2. 2 A theory of the illocutionary act 6.2.3 Indirect speech acts 6.3 Cooperative principle 6.3.1 Violation of quality 6.3.2 Violation of quantity 6.3.3 Violation of relation 6. 3.4 Violation of manner 6.4 Politeness principle (PP) 6. 4. 1 Two aspects of the PP 6. 4. 2 The six maxims of the PP 6. 5 Discourse analysis 6. 5.1 Cohesion 6.5.2 Coherence 6. 5.3 Conversational analysis Exercises Chapter 7 Sociolinguistics 7.1 Language and society 7. 1.1 Speech community and speech variety 7. 1.2 Linguistic taboo and euphemism 7. l. 3 Register 7.1.4 The standard variety 7. 1.5 Pidgin and Creole 7. 1.6 Bilingualism and diglossia 7.2 Language and culture 7.2. 1 What is culture？ 7.2.2 The relationship between language and culture 7.2.3 Some differences between Chinese culture and western culture 7.3 Language change 7.3.1 Sound change 7.3.2 Morphological and syntactic change 7.3.3 Semantic change
7.3.4 Causes of the language change Exercises Chapter 8 Psycholinguistics 8. 1 What is psycholinguistics？ 8.2 First language acquisition 8.2. 1 Theories of child language acquisition 8.2.2 Stages in child language development 8.3 Language production 8.3.1 Conceptualization 8.3.2 Formulation 8.3.3 Articulation 8.3.4 Self-monitoring 8.4 Language comprehension 8.4. 1 Sound comprehension 8.4. 2 Word comprehension 8.4. 3 Sentence comprehension 8.4. 4 Text comprehension 8.4. 5 Category of the schema 8.5 Language and thought 8.5.1 Linguistic Determinism 8.5.2 Linguistic Relativity Exercises Chapter 9 Second Language Acquisition 9. 1 Introduction 9.2 Contrastive analysis (CA) 9.3 Error analysis (EA) 9.4 Interlanguage 9.5 Theories in second language acquisition 9.6 Individual differences 9.6. 1 Age 9.6. 2 Personality 9. 6.3 Motivation 9.6.4 Language aptitude 9.6. 5 Cognitive style 9. 6.6 Learning strategies Exercises Chapter 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 10. 1 What is applied linguistics？ 10. 2 Some major types of foreign language teaching 10. 2. 1 The Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) 10.2.2 The Audiolingual Method 10.2.3 Cognitive Approach 10.2. 4 The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) 10.2. 5 Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) 10. 3 Some other types of foreign language teaching 10.4 Language testing 10.4. 1 Five basic tests 10. 4. 2 Subjective and objective tests 10. 4. 3 Norm-referenced and Criterion-referenced tests 10. 4. 4 Principles of language testing
Exercises Appendix I Some Famous Linguists and Their Theories 1. Saussure and modern linguistics 2: Bloomfield and American strncturalism 3. Chomsky and generative grammar 4. Halliday and systemic-functional grammar Appendix Ⅱ Tests and Key to Exercises and Tests 1. Tests Test 1 Test 2 2. Key to exercises and tests Appendix m Glossary Bibliography
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