內容大鋼
The Yiqiao義橋cemetery(N 30°17』40」，E 119°54』07」)is 4 km northwest of the Yuhang餘杭Town in western Yuhang District，Hangzhou杭州City，Zhejiang浙江Province，and 2．5 km north of the Tiaoxi苕溪Spring，between the Tianmushan天目山Mountains in its west and south，and the plain area in its east．It is on the slopes of several small hills including the Sheshantou蛇山頭hill，the Guojiatou郭家頭hill and the Wangjiashan王家山hill，with the Yiqiao Village in its east，the No．15 provincial highway in its north，the Yangmeiling楊梅嶺and Xin』anqian新庵前Villages in its west and the Anshan安山Village in its south．The hills which are 4 to 28 meters above sea level were covered by tea trees before but now have been left hncultivated due to the local industrial development．
In April 2007，ancient burials were unearthed during the construction of the Yuhang Industry Development Limited Company．After signing an agreement with the developer，the Hangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Yuhang District Museum organized a cooperative archaeological team and conducted a salvage excavation from May 22nd to July 1 0th，during which 64 burials had been discovered in an area of 1 500 sq meters．The burials include 1 of the pre—Qin period，47 of the Han漢Dynasty，1 3 of the Six Dynasties，2 of the Song宋Dynasty and 1 of the Qing清Dynasty．Totally 522 pieces(sets)artifacts were unearhed．Besides，63 pieces of artifacts probably from the burials had been collected．
This monograph is a detailed report on the 60 burials of the Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties．Information of the other four burials is in the appendix．Collected artifacts of different periods are described after the reports of the burials of their related periods．
The 60 burials of the Han to the Six Dynasties periods can be divided into two types：earth—shaft burials which are relatively well preserved，and the brick—chamber burials many of the which had been looted long ago．The earth—shaft burials can be further divided into two sub—types：the rectangular—shaped burials and the handIe—knife—shaped burials．Some shafts are wider and some are narrower．The brick—chamber burials are rectangular—shaped，凸—shaped，handle—knife—shaped or T—shaped．Some have front and back chambers．
Burials offerings in the earth—shaft burials are relatively larger in number and more various in types comparing with those in the brick—chamber burials．Totally 406 pieces(sets)of ceramic，porcelain，bronze，iron，silver，stone and glass offerings were unearthed from the 60 burials．Ceramic objects take the highest percentage，followed by porcelain objects and bronze／iron objects．
The 321 ceramic objects(79．1％of the total artifacts)are mainly gray—brown or gray—green in color and green—yellow glazed．They obviously belong to the green —glaze tradition of the Southern China．Most of them were hand—made，some with the help of moulds，and wheel mended．Main surface decorations include the string—pattern and curved flourish designs．Some of them are imitations of bronze ritual vessels．Some might have been articles for daily use，some were specially made as burial offerings．Sixteen bronze mirrors and two iron ding鼎tripods were found in the burials．
Only two out of the 60 burials have direct stratigraphic relationships and none of them have artifacts with accurate date．Mainly based on the structures of the burials and typological research on burial offerings，we divided the burials into eight phases：phase Ⅰ dating to the early Western Han，phase Ⅱ dating to the Middle Western Han，phase Ⅲ dating to the Late Western Han，phase IV dating to the Xin Mang新莽period，phase V dating to the Early Eastern Han，phase VI dating to the Middle and Late Eastern Han．phase VII dating to the Western Jin晉and phase ⅤⅢ dating to the Eastern Jin．
Some rules can be recognized from the distribution of burials．Seventeen earth—shaft burials are located on the slopes of the hills near Guojiatou in the north，while nine are on the slopes of the hills near Sheshantou in the south．It seems that earlier burials are usually higher and later burials have kept moving down slope．Nineteen brick—chamber burials are on the slopes near Guojiatou，while 17 of them are on the slopes near Sheshantou．Significantly，ten of the 21 Eastern Han brick—chamber burials concentrated around Sheshantou．Eight of the nine Western Jin burials are on the western top of Sheshantou．Two of the four Eastern Jin burials are on the eastern top of Sheshantou．Eastern Han brick—chamber burials are usually on the middle slope，while those of the Six Dynasties are usually near the top．Based on the excavation，we know that these hills had been used as burial ground as early as in the Warring State period．The small population size resulted in the small number of burials．This area had become an important cemetery during the Han and the Six Dynasties．The earliest burials of this period are on the northern slopes of Guojiatou．From the Eastern Han，burials had gradually moved southward to the southern slopes of Guojiatou and Sheshantou．All the earth—shaft burials are east—west orienting，while most of、the brick—chamber burials are east or north orienting．It seems that orientation of a burial has close relationship with its micro—landscape—most of the burials orienting to open area．Burials of the same period and at the same location usually headed to the same direction．
Passage slope，ercengtai二層台platform of filled earth，ercengtai platform of untouched earth，stone supporters and earth mound had been found in or above some earth—shaft burials．Some burials are under the same earth mound，and some burials have more than one dead．In Han Dynasty burials with more than one dead，there are secondary buried individuals who might have died earlier and been moved from their original burials．Niches were common in the brick —chamber burials of the Western Jin． The largest length and width of earth—shaft burials are 4.5 and 3 meters, while those of the brick—chamber burials are 6 and 5 meters. In other words, all the burials are middle or small in size. The structure, quantity and quality of burial offerings also indicate that this area is the cemetery for common people.
Both the structure and style of burial offerings demonstrate the increasing influence of the Han culture which then developed to the Jin culture. Although local cultural elements can be recognized in the burials of the Han Dynasty, they had been gradually taken place by the Han cultural elements. We can find the historical background of this takeover in ancient texts.
In summary, the Yiqiao cemetery had been the burial ground for common people. The burials with significant local characteristics are large in number and cover a complete chronological sequence. They are important for our research on mortuary practice in Southern China, especially in the Jiangzhe 江浙area during the Han to Six Dynasties period.
目錄
第一章 概況
第一節 地理環境
第二節 歷史沿革
第三節 發現與發掘概況
第四節 資料整理和報告編寫
第二章 單位墓葬詳述
第一節 兩漢墓葬
一 土坑墓
(一)一墩一穴土坑墓
1．長方形土坑墓
(1)長方形窄坑
M30
M38
M18
M2
M39
(2)長方形寬坑
M33
M3
M10
M42
M59
M17
M19
2．刀把形土坑墓
M29
M50
(二)一墩二穴土坑墓
1．M35和M36
刀把形寬坑M35
長方形窄坑M36
2．M46和M47
長方形窄坑M46
長方形寬坑M47
3．M57和M58
長方形寬坑M57
刀把形窄坑M58
(三)一墩三穴土坑墓
長方形寬坑M56A
長方形窄坑M56B
刀把形窄坑M56C
(四)其他
M28
M37
M60
二 磚室墓
(一)長方形磚室墓
1．前後室結構墓
M13
2．單室結構墓
M6
M8
M31
M43
M45
M48
M51
M52
M53
M54
M62
(二)凸字形磚室墓
1．前後室結構墓
M207
2．單室結構墓
M1
M34
M44
(三)T字形磚室墓
M14
(四)其他
M9
M12
M15
M32
三 採集遺物
第二節 六朝墓葬
一 長方形磚室墓
M41
M16
二 凸字形磚室墓
(一)前後室結構
M7
M22
M40
M4
(二)單室結構
M21
M23
M24
M25
三 刀把形磚室墓
M20
M55
四 T字形磚室墓
M11
第三章 墓葬形制與出土遺物類型
第一節 墓葬形制
一 土坑墓
二 磚室墓
第二節 出土遺物類型
一 陶器
(一)質地
(二)製法
(三)釉
(四)紋飾
(五)器形
1．仿銅陶禮器
2．生活用器
3．模型明器
二 瓷器
(一)青瓷
(二)黑(醬)釉瓷
三 銅器
四 鐵器
五 其他
(一)銀器
(二)琉璃器
(三)石器
第四章 分期與年代
第一節 墓葬分組
第二節 分期與年代
第三節 各期墓葬形制的發展和隨葬品組合的演變
一 墓葬形制的發展
二 隨葬品組合的演變
第五章結語
第一節 墓地選擇與墓葬分佈
第二節 葬俗
第三節 墓地性質
第四節 漢墓文化因素分析
第五節 漢墓中的合葬習俗
第六節 墓地特點
附表一 土坑墓登記表
附表二 磚室墓登記表
附表三 出土銅鏡統計表
附錄一 戰國墓葬
附錄二 宋代墓葬
附錄三 明清墓葬
後記
英文提要
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